UBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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Book 

Copyright N" 

COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr 



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Vol. 3, No. 27. NOVEMBER, 1894. Jrice, 10 Cents 
Issued Montnly. ._ 



zJ^ ylTHLETIC 

&EGE ATHLET1C3 

^^-^RAINING '^rAcnuRPHY 



OP VALE 




PUBLISHED BY THE 

p/^Ei^/0N SP9R3 PUBUSfim C9 

2^1 m^ADWAV. /SEW YQRK 

Entered at the Ncvj York t'ost Of/ice, N. K, as Second C.ass Matter. 



SPALDING'S ATHLETIC IMPLEMENTS, 



SPALDING'S 
REGULATION 

16-LB. HAMMER. 



mp 




^ 

w 



WITH 
LATEST I IMPROVED 
WIRE HANDLE. 



This Hammer is practically inde- 
structible, and its use avoids the vexa- 
tious delays occasioned by broken handles. 
They are used almost exclusively by the 
leadin' Hammer Throwers. 



Xo. 
No. 



10. Wire Handle, i6-lb. Lead. 
(5. Wire Handle, 16-II). Iron, 



Each, $10.00 
7. 50 



SPALDING'S REGULATION 56.LB. WEIGHT, 
With the famous HITCHELL Handle. 

___^.__ - "^^^ handles furnished with our s6-lb, 

|^~ Jj [{^ " ^ J ) weights are the same as used and de- 

^^^^•^^ ^ ^' -V^ ' ^ signed by Mr. J. S. Mitchell, the Cham- 

pion Weight Thrower of America, who 
has given us exclusive right to use his 
name in connection with the above han- 
dles. Each weight is put in box, com- 
plete, with two sets of handles, for one 
or two hands. 
Iron 56-lb. Weights, complete, .... $IO.OO 

Lead 56-lb. Weights, complete, . ... . 1 3.00 




Our Illustrated Catalogue contains the onlj^ complete line of Appliances for 
Outdoor Athletics. Mailed Free. 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 

Chicago. Philadelphia. New York. 



/9 




MICHAEL C. MURPHY, 

Athletic Director, Yale University. 




eOLloEQE y>cT^lbETICS, 



MICMAEL e mRPtiY 

•athletic DIRFCTOR YALE COLLEGE ) 

A !U)(IK I)KV<»ri:i) K) GKNKKAI. A I 1 1 1,1 IKS, Kl WINC, JIMI'INC 

JlLkDMM"., WHICH r TIIKtiU INt;, W I I H A iHAriKR ON 

rHK I.AIKSI' MKIIIitl) (II' IKAlMNi;. ALSO A 

SI'KCIAI. ( IIAI'IKK ON SIAKllNC. 

<X)N TAINS fOXsmn ION, liV-I.AWS AM) LAWS OK A THr.I 1 ICS 

OF rilK IN I KKCol.l.KiMAIK ASSOCIATION ol \ \1 \ I 1- I I: 

ATIII.KTKS o|- AMI.KICA. 



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LACH BRANCH IS TREATED SEPARATELY, AND WITH THE MINUTEST DETAIL. 
PUBLISHED BY THE 

AA\ERICflN SPORTS PUBLISHINQ COA\PAHY, 

;3'*1 Bt-ooclwa>" Ne"»'V Yor'l>i City. 



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Gvioi 

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Entered according to Act of Congress in the year i894, by the 
American Sports Publishing Company, 

IN THE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS, AT WASHINGTON. 



I .O 



Intercollegiate Association 



AMATEUR ATHLETES OF AMERICA. 



CONSTITUTION. 



ARTICLE I. 

NAME. 

This Association shall be known as the Inter-C<)1.i.K(;iatk 
Association ok Amateur Athletes of America. 

ARTICLE II. 
object. 
The object of this Association shall be the protection of the 
mutual interests of the different colleges which comprise the As- 
sociation, and the advancement and improvement of Amateur 
Athletic Sports among colleges. 

ARTICLE III. 
The membership of this Association shall be limited to col- 
leges of good and regular standing ; and any associate college 
not giving at least one athletic meeting each year shall pay a 
fine of twenty-five dollars, to be paid at or before the next 
annual meeting ; and in default of such payment, such college 
shall forfeit its membership. 



e COLLEGU ATHLEtieS. 

ARTICLE IV. 
This Association shall in future remain an independent 
organization, governed entirely by its own Constitution and 
Laws of Athletics, and any college holding games under other 
rules shall be expelled from the I. C. A. A. A. A. 

ARTICLE V. 

DEFINITION. 

An amateur is a person who has never competed in an open 
competition, or for money, or under a false name ; or with a 
professional for a prize ; or with a professional where gate 
money is charged ; nor has any time taught, pursued or assisted 
at athletic exercises for money, or for any valuable considera- 
tion. But nothing in this definition shall be construed to pro- 
hibit the competition between amateurs for medals, cups, or 
other prizes than money. And it is hereby expressly declared 
that this defiinition is not retroactive, and that all past acts of 
amateurs shall be judged in accordance with the provisions of 
the old definition ; and that the foregoing definition shall take 
eflfect on and after the 25th day of February, 1888. 

To prevent any misunderstanding in reading the above, the 
Association draws attention to the following explanations and 
adjudications. 

An athlete has forfeited his right to compete as an amateur, 
and has thereby become a professional, by — 

(a) Ever having competed in an open competition, i. e., a 
competition the entries to which are open to all, irrespective as 
to whether the competitors are amateurs or professionals,' and 
whether such competion be for a prize or not, in any athletic 
exercises, viz., base-ball, rowing, cricket, etc, 

(6) Ever having competed for money in any athletic exercise. 

(c) Ever having competed under a false name in any athletic 
exercise. 

(d) Ever having knowingly competed with a professional for 
a prize, or where gate money is charged, in any athletic exer- 
cise. 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 7 

(e) Ever having taught or j)ursued as a means of livelihood 
any athletic exercise. 

(f) Ever having directly or indirectly accepted or received 
remuneration for engaging in any athletic exercise. 

An athlete shall hereafter forfeit his right to compete as an 
amateur, and shall thereby become a professional, if, at any 
time after the foregoing definition shall take effect, he shall — 

(i) Directly or indirectly receive payment for training or 
coaching any other person in any athletic exercise. 

(2) Directly or indirectly receive payment for services per- 
sonally rendered in teaching any athletic exercise. 

(3) Directly or indirectly receive payment for services rend- 
ered as Referee, Judge, Umpire, Scorer, Manager, Director, 
or in any other capacity at any professional exhibition or con- 
test of any athletic txercise whatsoever. 

Note. Nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit the ac- 
ceptance by any amateur of his necessary traveling expenses 
incurred as Referee, Judge, Umpire, Scorer, or Starter, in go- 
ing to and from the place of any amateur contest. 

(4) Directly or indirectly run, manage, or direct, for pros- 
pective profit, any professional exhibition or contest. 

An amateur shall not forfeit his right to compete as an ama- 
teur, and shall not become a professional, by — 

(a) Receiving compensation for services rendered as ticket 
taker or ticket seller at any contest or exhibition of amateur 
athletics. 

(b) Receiving compensation for services personally rendered 
as Secretary, Treasurer, Manager or Superintendent of any 
amateur athletic club. 

(c) Receiving compensation as editor, correspondent, or re- 
porter of, or contributor to, any sporting, athletic, or other 
paper or periodical. 

(d) Running, managing, or directing, for prospective profit, 
any sporting, athletic, or other paper or periodical. 

(e) Receiving compensation for services personally rendered 



8 COIiLBGE ATHIiBTICS. 

as official handicapper, under the direction and authority of any 
amateur athletic association. 

(/) Receiving from a club of which he shall be a member, 
the amount of his expenses necessarily incuired in traveling to 
and from the place of any amateur contest. 

(g) Nothing in this rule shall be construed so as to consider a 
man a professional who has played on a college team against a 
professional team. 

This Association hereby declares its jurisdiction, in so far as 
it does not deviate from the laws governing amateur athletics, 
over the following athletic exercise : ^ • 

1. Running (all distances). 

2. Walking (all distances). 

3. Jumping (of any character). 

4. Pole-vaulting. 

5. Putting the shot. 

6. Throwing the hammer. 

7. Throwing of weights. 

ARTICLE VI. 

The management of this Association shall be entrusted to an 
Executive Committee, consisting of four members and the 
President (exofficU). They shall be elected for the term of 
one year, and no college shall have more than one representa- 
tive in the Executive Committee. Vacancies in the member- 
ship of the Executive Committee, arising from any cause what- 
ever shall be filled by the college of which said student is a 
member. 

Two members of said committee must reside in New York 
City. The Secretary of the Association shall attend all meet- 
ings of the Executive Committee, but have no vote. He shall 
also, ex officio, be a member of the incoming Executive Com- 
mittee. 

ARTICLE VII. 

No officer of this Association shall receive any money for his 
services. 



COLLEGE ATHLETirS, 9 

ARTICLE MIL 

APPLICATION FOR MEMBERbHIP. 
Any college desiring to join the Association shall send to the 
Secretary an application for membership in writing ; saiil ap- 
plication to be submitted to the Association at its annual 
meeting. 

ARTK LE IX. 

The annual convention of this Association shall be held in 
New York City, at half past two, upon the last Saturday in 
February of each year. The annual field meeting shall be 
held in the afternoon of the last Saturday in May on each year, 
but the trial heats of the quarter-mile shall be run in the morn- 
ing, beginning at ten o'clock, and the field events shall be 
started at the same time and continued until not more than five 
men are left to compete in the afternoon in each event. 

ARTICLE X. 
A special meeting may be called at the written request of any 
college belonging to this Association, provided that a notice of 
such meeting be sent to every college at least fifteen days be- 
fore the date assigned for such meeting. 

ARTICLE XL 

REPRESENTATION. 

At all meetings each college may be represented by no more 
than three delegates, each of whom may take part in all dis- 
cussions ; but in the decision of any matter each college shall 
be entitled to only one vote. No voting by proxy shall be al- 
lowed. 

ARTICLE XII. 

Each associate college agrees to accept the rules of this 
Association. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

The dues shall be $io, payable at the annual meeting ; the 
above sum to be received with the understanding that it shall 
be for the purpose of defraying the expense of entrance fees for 
the different competitors. 



10 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

ARTICLE XIV. 
Any violation of the rules of the Association shall render a 
college liable to suspension by ihe Executive Committee until 
the next meeting of the Association, and to expulsion by a two- 
thirds vote of the colleges represented at such meeting. 

ARTICLE XV. 
Any alumnus, ex-member, or graduate may be present at all 
meetings of the Association, may make motions, shall be allowed 
to enter into discussion, but not to vote for the college he re- 
presents 

ARTICLE XVI. 

No one shall represent any college or university as a competi- 
tor at intercollegiate meetings, who has not been a member of 
that college or university in good and regular standing from the 
fifteenth of the preceding October. In case a competitor's qual- 
ifications are questioned, he shall furnish to the Executive 
Committee a certificate signed by three members of the Faculty 
of the college or university he claims to represent, stating that 
he regularly attends lectures and recitations amounting to at 
least five hours a week at such college or university, and has 
done so since^the fifteenth of October of the college year prior 

to said meeting. 

ARTICLE XVII. 

A student shall be allowed to compete at the Intercollegiate 
meeting four times and no more, no matter whether he changes 
from one college and goes to another or not. This applies to 
all departments, viz.. Medical, Law, Academical, etc. It shall 
be understood that a student may compete two years in one 
department or college and then go to another department or 
college and compete the remaining two, but in no event shall a 
student compete more than four times. 

ARTICLE XVIII. 

The starter of the games shall be a professional of known 
integrity and ability. 



OOLLEGE ATHLETICS. 11 

ARTICLE XIX. 

The officials who control the games shall ue composed entirely 
of non-college men. 

ARTICLE XX. 

AMENDMENTS. 

No addition, alteration or amendment shall be made to this 
"Constitution at any meeting, except by a two-thirds vote of the 
colleges represented. At least thirty days' notice of any such 
proposed change must be given to the Secretary, of which due 
notice shall at once be sent to the colleges belonging to this 
Association. 



BY-LAWS 



ARTICLE I. 

Section i. The officers of this Association shall be a Presi- 
dent, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, who shall hold 
office for the period of one year, and shall be elected by a 
majority vote of all colleges lepresented at the annual meeting. 

Sec. 2. No candidate for the position of President or Vice- 
President shall be eligible, unless at the time of his election he 
is an undergraduate in one of the colleges of the Association ; 
by 'undergraduate" is meant an undergraduate in any depart- 
ment. 

Sec. 3. No candidate for the position of Secretary or Treas- 
urer shall be eligible whose college course will end sooner than 
one year from the date of his election. 

ARTICLE IL 

duties of officers. 

Section i. The President shall preside at all meetings of 
the Association and of the Executive Committee, appoint all 
sub-committees, audit and approve all bills, and order meetings 
of the Executive Committee, or Association, whenever, in his 
judgment, he may deem it necessary 

Sec. 2. The Vice-President shall, during the absence of the 
President, perform all his duties, as specified in Section i. 

Sec. 3. The Secretary shall keep the minutes of each meeting 
of the Association, and of the Executive Committee ; and shall 
conduct the correspondence, and have charge of^ and be respon- 
sible for, all books and papers except those of the Treasurer ; 



COIiIiE«E ATHLETICS. 13 

and shall. e,vofficio, be a member of the incomini,' Executive 
Committee. 

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall collect and have charge of all 
moneys belonging to the Association, shall pay all bills, when 
properly approved, and submit a report thereof to the Associa- 
tion at the regular meeting or whenever called upon to do so. 

Sec. 5. The Treasurer's report shall be submitted to. and 
audited by, some responsible accountant before being submitted 
to, and accepted by, the Association at its annual convention. 

AKIICLK III. 

Section i. The Executive Committee shall assume entire 
control of the annual games and shall decide all protests. 

Sec. 2. The annual meeting of the Executive Committee 
shall be held the evening before the annual field meeting. 

ARTICLE IV. 

Entries to the games shall close at least three weeks before 
the day assigned for the games. 

At least fifteen days before the annual games, a printed list 
of all the entries shall be sent by the Secretary to all colleges of 
the Association. Protests must be sent to the Secretary as soon 
as this list is received, stating the grounds on which the protest 
is made. The Secretary shall at once notify the members pro- 
tested, and all members of the Executive Committee. 

He shall also send to the members protested a printed certi- 
ficate of qualification, to be signed according to Article XVI. 
This certificate must have printed plainly upon its face Article 
XVI. of the Constitution, with a space below for signatures. 

Certificates of qualification signed according to Article XVI. 
must be presented by protested contestants to the Executive 
Committee at or before its annual meeting held the evening 
before the games. 



14 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

ARTICLE V. 

CHAMPIONSHIP GAMES. 

The Championship games shall include : 

Running loo yards. 

Running 220 yards. 

Running one-quarter mile. 

Running one-half mile. 

Running one mile. 

Hurdle racing, 120 yards, 10 hurdles, 3 feet 6 inches. 

Hurdle racing, 220 yards 10 hurdles, 2 feet 6 inches. 

Walking one mile. 

Running high jump. 

Running broad jump. 

Pole vaulting. 

Putting the shot, 16 lbs. 

Throwing the hammer. 16 lbs. 

Bicycle racing, two miles. 

ARTICLE VI. 

The order of events shall in all field meetings be as fdllow 

TRACK EVKNTS. 

440 yards run trial heat, 10 a.m. 

1. loo-yards dash. 

2. 120-yards hurdle. 

3. lOO-yards trial for those second in first trial heats. 

4. Two-mile bicycle, trial heats. 

5. 120-yards hurdle, final heat. 

6. loo-yards dash, final heat. 

7. One-mile run. 
S. One-mile walk. 

9. 440-yards dash, final heat. 

10. 220-yards hurdle, trial heats. 

11. 220-yards dash, trial heats. 

12. Half-mile run. 

13. Two-mile bicycle, final heat. 



College athletics. 15 

14. 220-yartls luudie, final heat. 

15. 220-yar(ls dasli. final heat, 

FIKI.D EVKNIS. 

1. Throwintj; the haninur. 

2. Tule vault. 

3. Running high jump. 

4. Running hroad jump. 

5. Putting the shot. 

ARTICLE VII. 
AH bills shall he presented to the Rresident, or in the event 
of his absence, to the Vice-President, and shall be audited by 
him. In case of approval, lie shall affix his signature and date 
of approval. After such approval the Treasurer shall be 
authorized to pay. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

ORDF.R OF RISINKSS. 

Roll call. 

Reading, correction and adoption of minutes. 

Unfinished business. 

Reports and communications. 

Election of officers. 

Adjournment. 

ARTICLE IX. 

These By-Laws may be altered, amended or suspended at any 
meeting of the Association by a two-thirds vote of the colleges 
present, provided two weeks' notice shall have been given to 
every college belonging to the Association. 

ARTICLE X. 

No college shall enter more than eight men for any one com- 
petition, or start more than five. 



RULES TO GOVERN THE AWARDING OF 
THE CHAMPIONSHIP CUP. 

RULE I. 

This cup shall be awarded to that college of the Intercol- 
le<Tiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America which shall 
he champion from one field meeting to the next. 

RULE IL 

Section i. That college shall be champion \\hich shall 
score a plurality of points. 

Sec. 2. Points shall be counted as follows : 

A first prize shall count five points. 

A second prize shall count two points. 

A third prize shall count one point. 

Sec. 3. In the case of two or more colleges scoring an equal 
number of points, then if one of these colleges shall have been 
champion for the previous year, that college shall continue to 
hold the championship and cup for the ensuing year. 

Sec. 4. But in case the champion of the previous year be 
not of those colleges described under Section 3 of Rule II and 
that two or more colleges shall score an equal number of points, 
then for the ensuing year the championship shall be held in 
abeyance, and merely the names of the colleges that make the 
tie, too-ether with the date and place of performance, shall be 
inscribed on the cup, and the cup shall be kept for the year by 
the Association. 

RULE III. 

All disputes with regard to the possession of the cup shall be 
referred to the Association. 



PRIZES. 



RULE I. 

The sum of fifty dollars shall be appropriated annually for 
the purchase of two flags, to be presented to tl e hampioii col- 
lege, one the color of the college winning it, the other the 
national flag. 

RULE IL 

A standard record medal of the value of fifty dollars shall be 
presented to any contestant who shall lower the Inter-Col- 
legiate record. 

DEFINITION. 

A standard record medal is such as was awarded at the 
special meeting held on May 29th, 1 886. 

RULE IIL 

In every event a gold medal shall be awarded to first, a silver 
to second, and a bronze to third. 

RULE IV. 

All medals and flags awarded l)y the Inte-Collegiate Associa- 
tion of Amateur Athletes of America shall bear the year in 
w hich they were won. 



LAWS OF ATHLETICS. 

1. 

OFFICERS. 

The officers of an athletic meeting shall be : 
One official reporter. 

1. For track events. 
One referee. 

Four inspectors to assist referee. 

Three judges at the finish. 

Three time-keepers. 

One judge of walking, with assistants if necessary. 

One starter. 

One clerk of the course, with assistants if necessary. 

One scorer, with assistants if necessary. 

2. For fixed events. 
Two measurers. 
Two judges. 

Two scorers. 

II. 

CLERK OF THE COURSE. 

He shall record the name of each competitor who shall re- 

viort to him. Shall give him his number for each game in 

whi"^ he IS entered, and notify him before the start of every 
event in which he is engaged. 

The Assistants shall do such jiortions of his work as he may 
assign to them. 

III. 

STARTER. 

He shall have entire control of competitors at marks, and 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 19 

shall be sole judge of fact as to whetlier or not any man has 
gone over his mark. 

IV. 

JUDGE OF WALKING. 

He shall have entire control of competitors during the race, 
and his decision as to unfair talking shall be final and Milhout 
appeal. 

The assistants shall do such portions i)f his work as he may 
assign to them. 

\'. 

SCORER. 

lie shall rccoril the laps made by each competitor, and call 
them aloud, when tallied, for the information of the contest- 
ants. He shall rocord the order of finishing and the times of 
the competitors as given him by the time-keepers in walking 
and running races. 

The assistants shall do such portions of his work as he may 
assign to them. 

VI. 

1 IMK-KEEPKRS 

Each of the three time-keepers shall time every event ; and 
in case two watches agree, and the third disagrees, the time 
marked by the two shall be official time ; if all three watches 
disagree, the time marked by the watch giving the middle time 
shall be the ofificial time; if there be but two time-keepers, and 
their watches do not agree, the time marked by the slowest 
watch shall be the official time. Time shall be taken from the 
flash of the pistol. 

VH. 

JUDGES AT THE FINISH. 

Two shall stand ot one end of the tape, and the third at the 
other. One shall take the 'winner, another the second man, 
and the other the third man; they shall also note the distances 
between the first three as they finish. In case of disagreement, 
the majority shall decide. Their decision as to the order in 
which the men finish shall be final and without appeal. 



20 COLIiEGE ATHLETICS. 

VIII. 

MEASURERS. 

They shall measure, judge and record each trial of each com- 
petitor in all games, whose record is one of distance or height. 
Their decision as to the performance of each man shall be final 
and without appeal. 

IX. . 

RKl F.REE. 

He shall, when appealed to, decide all questions whose 
settlement is not otherwise provided for in these rules. His 
decision shall be final and without appeal. 

In case a race has been drawn into heats, and no more con- 
testants appear than enough to make one heat, the referee shall 
be empowered to see that the race is run in orte heat; but in all 
races requiring more than one heat, he shall see that no second 
man shall be debarred from a chance to qualify for the finals. 

X. 

COMPETITORS. 

Immediately on arriving at the grounds, each competitor 
shall report to the clerk of the course and obtain his number for 
the game in which he is entered. He shall inform himself of 
the times at which he must compete, and shall report promptly 
at the start, without waiting to be notified. No competitor 
shall be allowed to start without his proper number. 

XL 

PROTESTS. 

Verbal protests may be made at or before any athletic meet- 
ing, against a competitor or team, by any competitor or club 
competing; but such protest must be subsequently, and before 
action thereon, made in writing and duly presented to the 

Association. 

XII. 

INNER GROUNDS. 

No person whatever shall be allowed inside the track, except 
the officials and properly accredited representatives of the 



OOTiLEGE ATHIiETICS. 21 

press. Authorized persons shall wear a badge. Competitors 
not engaged in the game actually taking place, shall not be 
allowed inside or upon the track. 

XIII. 

TRACK. 

The measucement of tracks shall be eighteen inches from the 
inner edge, which edge shall be a solid cnrl) raised three inches 
above the level of the track. 

XIV. 

ATTENDANTS. 

No attendants shall accompany a competitor on the scratch 

oi in the race. 

XV. 

STARTING SIGNALS, 

All races (except time handicaps), shall be started by the 
report of a pistol, the pistol to be fired so that its flash may be 
visible to the time-keepers. A snap cap shall be no start. 
There shall be no recall after the pistol is fired except in case 
of a foul, provided for in Rule XXX. Time handicaps shall be 
started by the word "Go." 

XVI. 

STARTING. 

When the starter receives a signal from the judge at the finish 
that everything is in readiness, he shall direct the competitors 
to get on their marks. Any competitor starting before the sig- 
nal shall be put back one yard. For the second ofTense another 
yard, and for the third shall be disqualified. He shall be held 
to have started when any portion of his body touches the ground 
in front of his mark. Stations count from the inside. 

XVII. 

KEEPING PROPER COURSE. 

In all races on a straight track each competitor shall keep 
his own position on the course from start to finish. In the loo 
and 220 yards dashes, courses for contestants shall be marked 



22 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

out by stakes protruding three feet from the ground, and con- 
nected at the top hy a cord or wire plainly marked. 

XVIII. 

CHANGE OF COURSE, 

In all races other than on a straight track, a competitor may 
change toward the inside whenever he is two strides ahead of 
the man whose path he crosses. 

XIX. 

FOULING. 
Any competitor may be disqualified hy the referee for jostling, 
running across, or in any way impeding another. 

XX. 

FINISH. 

A thread shall be stretched across the track at the finish, four 
feet above the ground. It shall not be held by the judges, but 
fastened to the finish posts on either side, so that it may always 
be at right angles to the course and parallel to the groimd. 
The finish line is not this thread, but the line on the ground 
drawn across the track from post to post, and the thread is 
intended merely to assist the judges in their decision. The 
thread must, however, be "breasted" by each competitor fin- 
ishing first, and no competitor shall be allowed to seize the 
thread with his hand. The men shall be placed in the order in 
which they cross the finish line. 

XXI. 

WALKING. 

The judge shall caution for any unfair walking, and the third 
caution shall disqualify the offender. On the last one-eighth 
(220 yards) of a mile, an unfair walker shall be disqualified 
without previous caution. 

XXII. 

HURDLES. 
120 yards hurdle race shall be over ten hurdles, each 3 feet 
6 inches high. The first hurdle shall be placed fifteen yards 



COLLEUE ATHLETICS. 23 

from the scratch, and there shall be lo yards between each 
hurdle. 220 yards hurdle race shall be over ten hurdles, each 
2 feet 6 inches high. The first hurdle shall be placed 20 yards 
from the scratch, and there shall be 20 yards between each 
hurdle. Hurdle races of different number and height of hurdles 
may be given. No record shall be made in a hurdle race unless 
each of the hurdles, at the time the competitor jumps the same, 
is standing. 

XXIII. 

JUMPING. 

No weights or artificial aid will be allowed in any jumping 
contest except by special agreement or announcement. When 
weights are allowed, there shall be no restrictions as to size, 
shape or material. 

XXIV. 

RUNNING HIGH JUMP AND POLE VAULT. 

The height of the bar at starting and at each successive 
elevation shall be determined by the measurers. Three tries 
allowed at eaeh height. Each competitor shall make one 
attempt in the order of his name on the programme ; then those 
who have failed (if any) shall have a second trial in regular 
order, and those failing on this trial shall take their final trial. 
Displacing the bar counts as a "try." A line shall be drawn 
six feet in front of the pole and parallel therewith in pole-vault- 
ing, and three feet in front of the bar and parallel therewith in 
high jumping, and stepping over such line, to be known as the 
balk line, in an attempt shall count as a balk. Three balks 
count as a "try." A competitor may omit his trials at any 
height, but if he fail at the next height, he shall not be allowed 
to go back and try the height he omitted. Each competitor 
shall be credited with the best of all his jumps or vaults. 

XXV. 

STANDING HIGH JUMP. 

The competitors may stand as they please, but must jump 
from the first spring. The height of the bar at starting and at 



24: COIiliEGE ATHLETICS. 

each successive elevation shall be determined by the measurers. 
Three tries allowed at each height. Each competitor shall 
make one attempt in the order of his name on the programme • 
then those who have failed (if any) shall have a second trial in 
regular order, and. those failing on this trial shall then take 
their final trial. Displacing the bar, and nothing else, counts 
as a "try." A competitor may omit his trials at any height, 
but if he fails at the next height he shall not be allowed to go 
back and try the height which he omitted. 

XXVI. 

RUNNING 15ROAU JUiMI'. 

The competitors shall have unlimited run, but must take off 
from or behind the scratch. The scratch line shall be a joist 
five inches wide, the ground in front of which shall be removed 
to the depth of three and the width of six inches. Stepping 
over the scratch in an attempt shall be no jump, but shall count 
as a " try." Each competitor shall be allowed three trials, and 
the best three men shall have three more trials each. Each 
competitor shall be credited with the best of all his jumps. 
The measurement shall be from the outer edge of the joist to 
the nearest break of the ground made by any part of his person. 
A line shall be drawn six feet in front of the scratch line, and 
stepping over such line in an attempt shall count as a balk ; 
three balks count as a "try." 

XXVII. 

STANDING BROAD JUMP. 

Competitors must jump from the first spring. Stepping any 
part of the foot over the scratch in an attempt shall be "no 
jump," but shall count as a " try." Each competitor shall be 
allowed three trials, and the best three men shall have three 
more trials each. Each competitor shall be credited with the 
best of all his jumps. The measurement shall be from the 
scratch line in front of the jumper's feet to the nearest break of 
he ground made by any part of his person. 



COLIjEGE ATHIiETICS. 25 

XXVIII. 

PUTTING THE SHOT. 

The shot shall be a metal sphere weighing sixteen pounds. 
It shall be put from the shoulder with one hand, and during the 
attempt it shall not pass behind nor below the shoulder. It 
shall be put from a circle seven feet m diameter, two feet of 
whose circumference shall be a toe board four inches in height. 
Foul puts, which shall not be measured, but which shall count 
as puts, are as follows : 

1. Letting go of the shot in an attempt. 

2. Touching the ground outside the circle with any portion 
of the body while the shot is in hand. 

3. Touching the ground forward of the front half of the circle 
with any portion of the body before the put is measured. 

Each competitor shall be allowed three puts, and the best 
three men in the first trial shall be allowed three more puts. 
Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his puts. 
The measurement of the put shall be from the nearest edge of 
the first mark made by the shot to the point of the circumfer- 
ence of the circle nearest such mark. 

XXIX. 

THROWING THE HAMMER. 

The hammer head shall be a metal sphere ; the handle may 
be of any material, and the combined length of the head and 
handle shall not be more than four feet, and the combined 
weight shall not be less than sixteen pounds. 

The hammer shall be thrown from a circle seven feet in 
diameter. In making an attempt a competitor may assume any 
position he pleases. Foul throws, which shall not be measured, 
but which shall count as throws, are as follows : 

1. Letting go of the hammer in an attempt. 

2. Touching the ground outside the circle with any portion 
of the body while the hammer is in hand. 

3. Touching the ground forward of the front half of the 



26 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

circle with any portion of the body before the throw is measured. 
Each competitor shall be allowed three throws, and the best 
three men in the first trial shall be allowed three more throws. 
Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all his 
throws. The measurement of the throw shall be from the near • 
est edge of the first mark made by the head of the hammer to 
the point of the circumference of the circle nearest such mark, 

XXX. 

bicyclinh;. 

1. The bicycle race shall be restricted to those wheels known 
as safety bicycles. 

2. The officers for all bicycle races shall be : A referee, three 
judges at the finish, three timekeepers, one starter, one clerk of 
the course, with assistants if necessary ; one scorer, with assist, 
ants if necessary, and as many umpires as may be necessary. 

3. The referee shall have general supervision of the race. He 
shall give judgment on protests received by him , shall decide 
all questions or objections respecting foul riding, starting from 
^he wrong mark, or such like offenses, of which he may be per- 
sonally cognizant, or which may be brought to his attention by 
an umpire or by other officers. He shall act as he may think 
for the best in cases of misconduct by attendants, and shall dis- 
qualify any competitor who may become liable to disqualifica- 
tion. He shall decide all questions whose settlement is not 
otherwise provided for in these rules. His decision in all cases 
shall be final. 

4. The judges shall decide the position of the men at the 
finish. Two shall stand at one end of the tape, and the third 
at the other. One shall take the winner, another the second 
man, and the other the third man ; they shall also note the dis- 
tance between the first three as they finish. In case of disagree- 
ment the majority shall decide. Their decision as to the order 
in which the men finish shall be final, and without appeal. 

5. It shall be the duty of the starter, -svhen it has been re- 
ported to him by a clerk of the course that all competitors are 



COtiliEGE AtHLEtiCS. 



27 



ready to see that the timekeepers are warned, and before 
starting the men to say • Mount." in a few seconds after to say 
.. Are you ready?" and if no reply to the contta.y be given, to 
effect the start by report of pistol. Should the pistol miss f^re 
,he start may be made at the word -Go.- The starter may. at 
his discretion, put back to a distance not exceeding lO yards 
any competitor starting before the signal is given. In case of a 
false start the competitors shall be called back by the starter 
an.l re-started. Any competitor refusing to obey shall at once 
l.e (lis.iualif.ed. The starter shall announce to the competitors 
,he distance which they are to ride, and shall indicate the com- 
mencement of the last lap by ringing a bell as the riders pass 
over the mark for the final lap. In case of a fall within 30 fee, 
of the scratch line at the start, the contestants shall be recalled 
and the race started over again. Time handicaps shall be 
started by the word • Go. ' 

6 It shall be the duly of the umpire to stand at such parts of 
the field as the releree may direct, to watch closely the riding, 
and immediately after each race to report to the releree any 
competitor or competitors whose riding he may consider unfair, 
to the end that the releree, before making any decision, may be 
credibly informed by an ofhcial as to the facts. There shall be 
as many umpires as the si/e of the track requires. 

7 Choice or change of machine, and choice of costume, are 
not limited except that shirt and breeches must not bare shoul- 
der or knee. In races distinctly stated on the programme of 
events fo be for a particular class of machines this rule shall 
not apply so far as choice or change of machine is concerned. 
■ 8 In heat races the winner of the f^rst heat shall take the 
pole in the next succeeding heat. When races are run in heats 
and a f^nal, the winner of the fastest heat shall take the pole in 

the final. • , .i. 1 t^ 

o All starts shall be made from a standstill, with the left 
hand to the curb, and the machines are to be held in position 
by an attendant (the front wheel touching the starting line) until 
the signal is given by the starter Attendants when i)ush...g 



28 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

off competitors, must have and keep both feet on the ground 
behind the mark from which the competitor actually starts. 
Should the attendant overstep that mark with either foot while 
touching the bicycle the competitor may be disqualified. Any 
competitor shall be at liberty, with the consent of the referee 
to start from a mark behind the one allotted to him in the race, 
but in such case, as in all others, the point of contact of the 
first part of the machine with the ground shall be considered 
the starting mark, which the attendant shall not overstep. 

10. No one shall be allowed to coach competitors. 

11. The finish of all latcs shall be judged by the first part of 
the front wheel which touches the tape fastened flat on the 
ground at the winning post. 

12. Riders must pass on the outside (unless the men passed 
be dismounted), and must be at least a clear length of the bi- 
cycle in front before taking the inside. The inside man must 
allow room for his competitor to pass on the outside, A com- 
petitor overtaking another may pass between him and the pole 
if there be ample room, but he does so at his own risk; and 
should a foul be claimed, the referee must decide if the rider 
was justified in his course. Riders are cautioned that they must 
not pass inside, except as a last resort. 

13. Any competitor guilty of foul riding will be disqualified 
and debarred from any place or prize. 

14. Competitors may dismount during a race at their pleas- 
ure, and run with their bicycles if they wish to, but they must 
keep to the extreme outside of the path whenever dismounted. 
If the rider is dismounted by accident or is obliged to change 
his machine, he shall not be allowed a push-off in starting 
again, but an attendant may hold his machine while he mounts 
it, and he must so mount at the extreme outside of the path. 
Should a competitor receive a push-off from his attendant (ex- 
cept at the start of a race), he shall dismount and mount over 
or he shall be disqualified. A competitor may remount at any 
part of the race. 

15. If a competitor in a race for any distance not exceeding 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 29 

three miles shall fall behind a quarter of a mile, or if he shall 
fall behind half a mile in a race of any greater length, he shall 
be adjudged distanced by the referee, and shall be called from 
the track. Pacing, if attempted shall disqualify both the 
competitor and pacemaker. 

16. All bicycle events and race meets of this Association or 
of clubs affiliated therewith, shall be held under L. A. W. sanc- 
tion. In open handicap races held by clubs of this Association, 
such clubs shall employ the official handicapper of the L. A. W., 
and special races not herein provided for shall be goverened liy 
L. A. W. rules. 

17. Ignorance of any of tiie foregoing rules will not be con- 
sidered a valid excu'^e for viol. ^t ion. 

XXXI. 

Associate clubs shall have entire charge of the entries of their 
own members in athletic meetings, provided, always, that no 
member shall enter, compete, or take part in any event at any 
athletic meeting, the entries to which event shall not be limited 
to amateur athletes. This rule, however, shall not prevent this 
Association or its Executive Committee from prohibiting entries 
to any event or events. 

XXX II. 

In all classes of limit events, competitOis shall not be de- 
barred by reason of having made a better record after the clos- 
ing of entries for such event. 

xxxni 

All cases of dispute and any question that may arise, not pro- 
vided for in these laws, and in the interpretation of these laws, 
shall be referred to the Executive Committee of the Association. 

XXXIV. 

An intercollegiate record is any record made at the annual 
meeting of the I. C. A. A. A. A. 



30 College athletics. 

A collegiate record is one made by a coilegian in any ainattnir 
games to which the I. C. A. A. A. A. gives its approval. 

The I. C. A. A. A. A. shall keep a list of all intercollegiate 
records, and another of all collegiate records. 

x.xxv. 

This Association shall from time to time give its approval of 
all records made in standard • collegiate' games, and when 
so desired shall in its discretion inquire into and give lis np 
proval to all other (collegiate) athletic distances and games 

No record in running, walking, or bicycle riding shall he 
given, unless the same shall be timed by at least \vo ofl'icial 
time-keepers, or by assistant time-keepers appointed by Ihe 
referee. 

No record shall be given in the high, standing or broad jump 
pole uauliing. putting the shot, or throwing the hammer; unless 
ihe same shall be measured \>y at least two ofHcial measurers 

Said timers and measurers shall be regularly approved by (he 
''■club' or association giving games, or by the referee. 



INTRODUCTION 

It Is ail indisputable fact that no animal is^so nmcli im- 
proved l>y training as man— none stands sucii long and severe 
preparation "vvith advantage— and none displays the didference 
between condition and its absence in so great a degree. But 
it is not onl>' that man may be enabled to do certain feats of 
activity and strength that training is desirable, but tliat he 
may do them with pleasure to himself, and even Avitli advan- 
tage to his general health; and this marks the grand prin- 
ciple which every man who values his health should certainly 
keep in view, namely, that no one should attempt to compete 
in any contest requiring agility or strength unless he has 
had such a preparation as shall enable him to perform his 
task without feeling any ill effecls fiom it. For instance thcj 
man in condition can row through a race of three or four 
miles in which his whole powers aie taxed to their very 
utmost, and shall, at the end of it, be almost blind from the 
exertion he has made; and yet before ho gets out of the boat 
he is "all right," and could go through the same in half an 
hour witliout injury— whilst the man out of condition iies 
nearly fainting or perhaps quite insensible, for many minutes 
or even still longer, and is only revived by stimuli to an extent 
which will not allow any further liberty to be taken with his 
naturaxly strong constitution. Pluck will do much in place of 
condition, but numberless are the instances of ruined health 
from the excessive draughts which have been made upon this 
valuable quality, whilst a little care and abstinence would 
have prevented any such irreparable misfortune. Te enable 
a man who is ot sound constitution— but, from mismanage- 
ment, out of health— to restore himself to such a state as will 
allow him to go into training without mischief, is rather a 
difficult task in most cases, because it not only requires some 
skill to know what to do, but also great self-command to 
avoid that which ought not to be done. In the vast 
majority of instances the health lias been impaired by excess 



32 COIiliEGE ATHL.ET10S. 

of some kind (and in many by every variety of excess whicli 
hnman ingenuity can invent). There are two l^inds of excess 
which are the most likely to produce such a state as 1 am sup- 
posing—namely, excess in eating, drinking, etc., and excess in 
literary or other sedentary pursuits. Either will for a time 
entirely upset the powers of the stomach, and in fact of the 
whole system, and each will require very different treatment in 
order to restore those powers. These conditions will also vary 
very much according to the rank in life, habits and natural 
(onstltution of the individual. For instance, a wealthy young 
man, having been generously brought up, goes to the univer- 
sity and indulges to excess in wine, smoking, etc. For a time 
his naturally strong constitution enables him to withstand the 
attacks of the poisonous doses of wine and tobacco which lie is 
taking, but soon his appetite for solid food ceases, his eyes 
become red, liis sleep is restless and unrefreshing. Now. if in 
such a state as this an attempt is made to go suddenly into 
training the consequence is that the stomach refuses to do its 
duty, and the prescribed work cannot be performed from 
giddiness, faintness, sickness or headache. By a little care 
and time, however, this state of things can be remedied. But 
suppose the case of a young man in a lower rank, who has 
been brought up on a spare and rigidly abstemious fare, and 
who from circumstances is suddenly allowed to indulge in all 
the temptations of the saloon- he has no other resource ; no 
riding or tennis to take up his attention ; no lectures to attend, 
and the consequence is that the beer and tobacco commence 
the day, and the tobacco and spirits wind it up, Such a man 
suddenly finds all his energies going, his mind dull and en- 
feebled, his body weak, flabby and bloated. In a happy 
moment he thinks to himself that he will take to boating, or 
Sv^me other amusement which he has formerly perhaps been 
addicted to, and at once proceeds to the river. Well! what 
is the consequence' Instead of feeling better for his exertion 
he is completely exhausted, and perhaps, permanently discour- 
aged and deterred from any further trial; in fact, he requires 
a much more careful treatment to get him into a state of 
health fit for such an exertion than the collegian, because the 
change from his former habits has been greater, because the 
imbibition of beer and spirits has been more uninterrupted, 



COIiliEOE ATHLETICS. ^^ 



because the rooms l,e has f.c.uentea have b«^" '«^^ ™"';;''^^^;'' 
■,na because ho has taken little or no exercise Indeed, it is 
a toniXiiiKWhat quantities of intoxicating drinks may be 
^ dXd " ahout much i.,iur>-, provide.! tiiat a 'Corresponding 
ai lount of exercise is regularly taken^ But afarmoved ihcult 
t^ri estt^elheroadingn,an.^vhohaslx.endevotlngt^vcl^^^ 
to eighteen hours a day to a preparation f.n- honors, ami ^ ho 
hiding his heal.h giving ^vay. determines "P'- 8-"« ';f- 
honors of another kind, Here the nervous system has been 
ove tesed the consequence is that the neglected muscula 
svs em li unlit for exertion, and the limbs become still and 
e am e iC the slightest effort- This state of things requires 
manyVeelL to restore the system to a state lit for undertak- 
"g anjseveio xvork because the muscles arc wanting m solid 
material and the nervous system is so irritable as to be 
totaU incompetent to stimulato them with that stoad.ness 
aid regularity which is essential to success. Ihe same sta e 
o tl i'^gs often occur in the counting-house. A young man is 
eoi eTf r ten or twelve hours a day to the desk and ledger; 
rrso time for exercise, and hi.s nervous system is ovei- 
stimu ated by incessant eaiculatl..,., and also by the constant 
vew of the white paper spread before his J-^-; ^ « ''^ *' « 
"ledger fever.' and many a young man is remleied by it 
incompetont to continue tiiis kin.l of drudgery. 



TRAINING. 

ITS OBJECT, ADVANTAGES AND ABUSES. 

" He Avho conquers fiimself. is greater than he who :>onquers 
kingdonits." A\ ithout in any way wishing to trench upon the 
subject of self-denial , tins old adage is one that we would first 
of all impress on the athlete who is about to prepare himself 
for a contest In athletic exorcises, Avith which we have to 
deal hero, pi oficiency is Jested in a manner that secures for 
individual excellence its own special Kudos, and vice versa 
dcliciency in many points, its certain notice. 

Training t(» parental minds cc»nveys notions of rising with 
sun, lonr^ fatiguing exercise in several suits of clothes, conse- 
quent profuse perspiiation, half-done meat, blue perhaps, if 
the imagination is ambitious, all-potent eleemosynary water 
gruel a(n«7>i/um. broken blood-vessels, worn out constitution 
and premature decay, not to mention utter neglect of books 
and studies and perfect absorption during non-working hours 
in the mysteries of prize-lights and other low forms'of civiliza- 
tion. We may, perhaps, bo slightly stretching a point in this 
list, but the opinions of many who are entirely ignorant of 
athletic exercises have been partly formed from the uafair 
descriptions of the devotees of sports in many of the publica- 
tions of the day, at th;j universities and elsewhere. The mean- 
ing of training as accepted by athletes, signifies the improve- 
ment of power in certain muscles by regimen and practice in 
a manner shown by theory and experience to produce most 
naturally the required result. Without doubt, certain In- 
stances could be selected where permanent internal injury 
has been cause<l by a course oi training on[a subject in no way 
fitted for tlie woi k . but few. if any, of the cases of iJiemature 
decay that are specially noticeable among pedestrians can be 
laid at the door of tiaining. The absence of regard on the 
part of friends for their man's health when the contest is over, 
and the change from restraint to freedom that occurs, invari- 
ably induce a debauch and excesses that, in the highly sensi- 



OOliliEGE ATHLETIOS. 



35 



tivo state of the body after training, react with telling eliect 
at some future period. From tlus Aveakness it is a matter of 
much regret that amateurs are far from exempt. Going out 
of training is often considered to be as wide a step in diet, 
occupation, etc., for the better, as coing into is for the worst. 
CouUl the digestive organs have a voice in the matter, we 
should hear of no sudden relaxation of restraints. Common 
sense is the only means to supply their want of voice, and in 
such esses it is but seldom applied. The excitement attending 
a public contest, asd the finely-strung muscles of the internal 
oigans all tend to leave the athlete quite unfitted for a sudden 
chang(M)f living. The exhaustion ot the contest, or perhaps 
the rupture of .some small, though importantly situated fibre, 
inperceptible during the nervous excitement of the day, re- 
quires a rest, and a gradual discontinuance of his late regi- 
men. The torn fibre, if care be taken, will reunite in the ordi- 
nary course of nature, and in a short time the internal organs 
will accustom themselves to different food and occupation. 
Should, however, any excess follow the contest, the seeds of 
some chronic malady may be sown, which will appear on a 
repetition of the exercise. 

The peculiar po.sition of a person in training renders it desi- 
rable that he should have some knowledge of the structure of 
his own frame ; its internal organization, and the general laws 
that regulate the well-being of its separate parts. For, as 
every Individual has undoubtedly, his own ideal form of 
health, so will ho more especially be fitted to realize its per- 
fection by experience ; and it is on these grounds more particu- 
larly that wo advocate the system of each, being as far as prac- 
ticable, his own trainer. The truism of one man's food being 
another man's poison is daily shown in a marked manner 
among athletes; and the neglect of this adage by mentors, 
trainers and others who arrogate themselves an indisputable 
position in the direction of the trainee's diet and exercise, is 
generally the cause of inexplicable failure. In their eagerness 
to win their point they disregard the persistent warnings that 
nature, when abused, invariably gives, and they overstep the 
limits of endurance in furthering a darling object, until a sud- 
den relapse, or what is better known as a break down, puts an 
end to their theories as well as their practice. Only very few of 



36 



COIiliEGE ATHLETICS. 




K\W/, 












COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 37 

those who profess to instruct the novice are cognizant of even 
the rudimentary principles oC tlie human frame, or tlie f orm 
and working of the most delicate organs which play sucli a 
prominent part in the well-being and proper development of 
the youthful athlete. Each district has its peculiar oracle, 
and a piacticul t)ne, no doubt ; but one who holds througli 
thiclc and thin to the dogmas of his ancestors, llavored by 
.slight addenda of liis own to suit the varied cases brought 
under his view for adjudication. His guide in " suiting physic 
to his patients' taste" is taken from stereotyi)ed rules witli- 
out regard to the age. disposition, or natural (pialilications of 
his subject. Should nature rebel (»r endurance fail, the caubc, 
in his mind, is traced to a non-compliance with the programme 
issued. Should chance make the proposetl system palatable, 
he takes to himself the praise for successful construction 
which fortuitous circumstances alone can take credit for. To 
such rulc-of-thumb preceptors as these, then, is the tender 
novice handed over, and the wonder is tiiat so many come out 
but slightly singed in this liery ordeal. There are many 
things worth knowing that are obtained only by continual 
scrutiny of men competing under different aspects. These, 
therefore, can be learned from the practical trainer only, as 
they are to him more tlie promptings of instinct resulting 
from experience than the well-weighed deductions from 
variety in actual facts. 

We do not for a moment countenance the self-satislied ath- 
lete, who with more muscle than brains, attempts a new line 
for himself. His folly is too palpable to notice ; but we urge 
upon every man who undertakes the improvement of his 
bodily powers above their normal condition, the study, not 
only of the actual results of others' experience in the same 
pursuit as he is himself entering up(m. In the actual practice 
of athletics, science, vulgarily called "knack," has been in- 
voked, and has responded so favorably, that in some cases pro- 
liciency is out of the question, without the assistance of a 
qualihed trainer, To anervous novice, contidence in a trainer's 
advice is of much importance, f:)r if not favorably applicable^ 
-the support of another conduces to self-reliance. 

To a great extent the growth of muscular power is subject 
to the special agency of the nervous system, and the care and 



38 COIiliEGE ATHLETICS, 

nourishment of this is often entirely overlooked. The study 
of the temperament of each individual will invariably give a 
clue to his proper mode of l raining. The different classes are 
generally divided into three heads— the Sanguine, Bilious and 
Lymphatic. The characteristics of each may be in some men 
clearly defined ; in others, so merged one into another as to 
be difficult o classification. 

The Sanguine Temperament belongs to that class Avith 
bright, ruddy complexion, light hair, and full circulation. 
Their disposition is energetic and spirited, but their power of 
resisting disease, or of bearing piotracied exercise, is not 
great, and their ardent character is rather the result of 
nervous excitability than of vital force. Their power lies in 
dash rather than endurance, and great care must be taken 
lest, in the excitement of the practice, they overwork them- 
selves. 

The Bilious Temperament is of an opposite description. 
The circulation is sluggish, the disposition persevering and 
obstinate ; the constitution, as a rule, is tough, and is capable 
of severe tasks, under which the sanguine would succumb. 
These men are good subjects for training, but they require 
good food and much exercise. 

The Lymphatic are of a pale complexion, with delicate 
skins and full habit of body. There is a torpor about their 
mental as well as muscular actions. When subject to disease 
they become peevish, and are difficult to treat. When united 
to a nervous disposition, they are perhaps the worst class of 
men for training, though we sometimes find much latent 
energy in them. To a certain extent nervousness is overcome 
by habit; but the nutrition of the nerve power ought to be 
the main point in the advancement of health. The nerves 
are the controllers of the actions ; they regulate the contrac- 
tion of muscles in the activity of the body. The work done 
by the muscles depends on the proper adjustment of the 
mechanism, their guidance and activity on the energy of the 
nerves The important work that the nerves fulfil is evident^ 
when we consider that the brain itself needs one-fifth of the 
whole supply of the blood in the body. It must suffer, there- 
fore, if the supply of the air to the blood is bad. How easily 
is accounted for the dull aching of the temple of the athlete 



COIiliEGE ATHLETICS. 



39 



accustomed to pure air in a badly ventilated theatre or room. 
If dolieiont oxidation of the blood is the cause of derangement 
to the nervous system , blootl of bad quality must be equally 
hurtful to the muscular. The sensibilities of the internal 
organs are united with the disposition of each person to 
such a degree as to be inlluenced by the slightest sensations 
of the body, or by any feelings of the mind. The reaction 
affects the muscular system ; all the functions of the body 
are carried on by a system of self and mutual help, so Inti- 
mately blended together as to be dependent for proliciency on 
one another. 

SPRINT RUNNING. 

It is a mv)st dilTicult problem to solve, why sprinting should 
he more popular than any other branch of pedestrianism, for, 
from tlio fact of its comprising all distances from lifty to three 
hundred yards, it must naturally offer some particular one 
favorable to nine out of ten pedestrians. There is hardly a 
man in sound possession (»f his limbs who has not performed 
some feat in running of which he is proud, and which when 
mentioned will bring bade pleasing recollections of the past, 
and give him an interest in the doings of the day. No sport, 
tiowever, is so open to variety in mode of practice. 

Though theoretically the same, it is subject to slight modi- 
lications at the various distances ; and beginning at the 
typical one of sprinting— viz., one hundred yards— we will 
suggest such changes as seem most adapted to their respec- 
tive distances. Let the novice begin his practice by a steady 
run of a quarter of a mile or so every day; so gently at first 
as to produce no stiffuess of the muscles when the tempera- 
ture produced by the exercise has subsided, and the circulation 
has recovered its usual condition ; this on the supposition that 
Ihebeginncr is in moderately robust health. Should he not 
be so, the fir.st point to attain Is to get him into a lit condition 
to begin his training and practice. Until this is acquired our 
suggestions will be of little value. When applied to a subject 
unfit for their reception, a result might accrue totally opposite 
and unfavorable to what ought reasonably be expected. When 
the novice has got his legs into moderate good fettle, so that 



40 



COLLEGE A-MLETICS. 




COLLEC4E ATHLETICS. 41 

they could stand a little sharp work, he might quicken up for 
about fifty yards in each of his quarter mile spins, .and as ho 
finds these spins can bo accomplished Avithout the slightest 
strain on any muscle, the quarter may be condensed into two 
sprints of a hundred in about twelve seconds; by this means 
the muscles get worked up by degrees to bear the necessary 
strain required. 

The best practice for a 100 or 120-yards race is to have con- 
tinual bursts of thirty yards or so with another man, who is 
ab(nit as good or rather better than yourself. If practising 
with a man who is inferior, you should give liim a start and 
catch him as soon as you can. Such practice both lielps a 
man to get into his running quickly and "pulls him out," 
that is, the striving to keep pace with a better man, or to 
catch a man in front whom you can catch, involuntarily forces 
a man to do a little better than his previous best if he is 
capal>le of it. A man should never practice alone; he becomes 
sluggish, and can never really tell whether he is doing well or 
ill. If he is simply training for a 100 or 120-yards race, after 
half a dozen of those spins, he should take a few minutes' res*- 
and then run the full distance, or at least seventy or eighty 
yards. If he is training for 220, 250 or 300 ho must, of course, 
accustom himself to longer trials; but in general, even for 
the longest of those distanc es, it is quite enough to run 200 
yardri at full speed. In fact, as a general ru o for all practice 
it may be laid down that a man should very rarely run a trial 
tor more than two-thirds of the distance for which he is train- 
ing. Never miss your race- if you can get one spin daily 
make the most of it. Always run in form, that is to say, as 
you would in the race, on your toes, with an easy, springing 
action of the thighs; this point we would insist upon, even 
to \vhat people might call an absurd length ; but depend upon 
it, that the movements that are most graceful to the eye are 
generally most natural, and a position that is most natural is 
more easily capable of attaining to excellence. The beautiful 
mechanism of the foot, its numerous short bones and strong 
sinews, suggest at a glance its adaptation for bearing con- 
cussion and springing on the ball and toes, while the heel is 
formed to sustain pressure without motion. In the race keep 
your eyes well on the tape and never lessen your pace when 



42 COLIjEGE ATHIiETICS. 

in front or let misgivings disturb you wlien behind; your 
opponent may liave the pace of you and not be able to stay. 
By persevering to the end you will always win the confidence 
of your friends, though you may not increase their admiration 
of your abilities. In racing with a chicken-hearted man 
race at him, and if you feel done, fancy that he feels worse. 



STARTING. 

]n sprinting, a good start is of such importance, that we 
would suggest a careful practice in it. It is a curious fact 
that a novice will invariably start with one foot a yard or so 
behind the other, either with tlie body bent down low, or with 
the body erect, and swinging the arms as if they were tlie 
means of propulsion about to be trusted to. In the former 
case he runs one yard moie than his distance; in the latter 
he exhausts and ansteadies himself. Start with both feet 
within nine mches of one another, the weight of the body 
resting on the front foot, so that when the spring is made the 
weight of the body throws the nmner forward. On account 
of this and a little nervousness the runner at this point has 
very often a tendency to stumble over his mark. This can at 
all limes be remedied by learning to hold the mark for a long 
time. 

Another style of start is getting down on the hands in a 
I)Osition like a member of the feline lace. 

In my opiiuon the advantage of this form of starting over 
all others is apparent. The sprinter will have full conlidence 
in himself to hold his mark for any length without going over, 
as well as the muscles of the back helping the spring of the 
thighs. 

The runner should keep his legs well under him, with the 
knees as far as possible from the ground, the hands resting 
on the finger tips on the starting line and at each side of the 
body. 

A medium between the standing start and the all-fours was 
the style practised by Mr. Harry Jewett in 1892, and certainly 
it constituted all the features of a perfect start. Jewett stood 
on his mark with the left foot foremost and his left hand (fist 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 43 

closed) resting inside, and almost touching, the left foot; the 
right arm was drawn back like a boxer about to deliver a 
terrific punch. The weight of the body was partially thrown 
on the left arm, thereby giving the back, thighs and legs the 
opportunity for a powerful spring, which was yet more so 
accelerated by the right arm being shot forward like a piston 
rod. All sprinters having ambitions to the Al class would do 
well to practise this style of starting. 



QUARTER MILE. 

Generally the quarter of a mile is the most interesting race 
on the modern programme. It may seem absurd, but wo 
think nevertheless true, that there are two entirely different 
ways of preparing for a quarter-mile race. The reason is this, 
that the distance is acommon ground fortwoentirelydilTerent 
classes of runners. On the one hand, the best quarter-miler 
oif the day is often the man who is the best sprinter as well, 
and has found that this distaiKje is not beyond his sprinting 
powers when he is very lit. On the other hand, the sprinting 
quarter-milers sometimes find themselves outclassed by a 
runner who is of nothing more than second-class sprinting 
abilit5% but whoso stay and strength enable him to keep his 
stride from shortening up to the very end of a quar er-mile, 
or even farther. The first class should never attempt any 
distance over a quarter. With regard to training for a 
quarter-mile, it is easy to understand that the two classes 
should not prepare themselves upon exactly the same system. 
To lay down a rule for the first class, we should say that the 
sprinter who trains for a quavter-mile should train for it in 
the same way as he does for a sprint. He should take starts 
and short sprints daily, and finish up two or three times a 
week with bursts of 200, 220 or occasionally 300 yards, and 
should at all times be sure to stride up on his toes, but he 
should never forget that he is a sprinter training for a sprint 
and that his speed must be retained at all cost. The same 
reflection should present itself when he is in the race. It will 
be the height of folly to try and make the race slow in the 
hopes of his sprinting powers bringing him in,at the end. At 



44 



COIiliEGE ATHL.ETIOS. 




•T^i^Bi^S^"'''"-*'*^^^ 







COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 45 

the end he may be jaded and iiiuiWe to utilize his speed. His 
ri^'ht course is to use his speed wliile he lias it, and in the lirst 
100 or 150 yartls lie may liave made a g'ap of live yards between 
himself and his opponents. Then let him slacken if ho likes, 
only to ^o oira;L?ain when they are at his heels; and if he be 
not overtrainetl. his speed and reserve of energy will serve to 
brinj? him up to the liidsh lirst. 

The second class who are found competing for quarter- mile 
races are those who have moderate sprinting- ability, and 
owing to a naturally long stride and go xl staying powers 
never Hag over the distance and linish as strong as lions. 
These nmners can, no doubt, stand a good deal more work 
than the mere sprinter. They must not, however, on any 
account, neglect their si)eed, and frequent starts and short 
spins must be practised in addition to their longer trials; for 
some time or another during the race, if a quarter-miler of 
this class is to win, he must spurt past his speedier opponents. 



THE HALF MILE. 

The half-miler is sure to be good at a quarter and good at a 
mile, for he must have speed and stride, and must have as 
well good wind and staying powers. The system of taking 
exercise changes completely as soon as sprinting distances 
are left behind. The man training for medium distances will, 
of course, do himself no harm by sprinting to improve his 
speed, but his sprinting is only an accessory and not the 
essential to success. He has got to improve his logs, wind 
and all the muscles of his body in strength, and the way to 
do this is not gradually to lengthen the distances of practice 
so much as gradually to increase the pace over these distances. 
The man in training for half a mile will do enough to take his 
trials over 600 yards or thereabouts. As he gets fitter he 
should accustom himself to go faster over his spin. Once or 
twice before the race he may have a full dress rehearsal— a 
veritable trial over the whole distance, that he may know 
exactly what he has to do in the race and the more walking 
he can get the better, as there is nothing so healthy and so 



46 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

little exhausting to a man in training as a brisk walk in 
fresh air. 

Supposing the half-mile has got himself into a state of pre- 
liminary fitness, and is going to give himself three weeks' 
training for a race. On the lirst day he will do a steady- 
equable 600 yards. On the second day a brisk 600 yards, which 
will stretch his limbs a bit, and remind him that running is 
not all pure enjoyment. On the third day he may take it 
easy again, and do a very slow steady half-mile without mak- 
ing any attempt to sprint, or quicken, or push iiimsolf along 
at any part of the course. On the fourth day he can do the 
brisk COO yards again ; on tiie lifth a steady and slower 6(J0 ; on 
the sixth a brisker GOO than he has done before; and then, if 
he takes a good walk on Sunday, he will lind liimself at the 
end of the week a good deal more like a runner than he was at 
the beginning. A similar programme will do for the remain- 
ing three weeks, but his full trial should be at least a week 
before the race, and for the last few days before the event he 
should take no spin at all that can exhaust him. Above all, if 
on commencing t J practice any d.y he feels that he has not 
got over the previous day's exertions, he should make a point 
cf Jiaving a light day's work upon that occasion. In medium 
and long distance races the runner must accustom himself to 
run at an even pace, and at as fast an even pace as he can 
command over the distance, keeping his spurts for when they 
are wanted, either to pass an antagonist or to get in front of 
him at the linish ; so that, m training for these distances, it is 
of importance to know how fast one is going. It is wise, there- 
fore, to be timed from day to day by a trainer, who will 
tell the man what pace he ought to go for the distance he is 
running for the day. A word as to the tactics of a race. In 
medium or long races a great deal in the way of success de- 
pends upon the judgment with which a race is run. If you 
decide to pass an antagonist you had better spurt to do so, 
and not to try to pass him slowly, as this may end in his shak- 
ing you off again. If you spurt by an antagonist you may 
take the heart out of him, and he may shut up on the spot. 
Another reflection which we mentioned in connection with 
sprinting, and one which a runner should always bear in 
mind, is that when the dreadful thought occurs to his mind 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 47 

that he is " done," it should l>e succeeded by the reassuring' 
idea tliat his opponents are equally '• done '' also. If this latter 
rule -were always borne in mind we should not see, as we often 
do, cases in which the race does not fall to the swift, but to 
the plucky. Of course, want of condition is an admirable 
thing to breed irresolution in a race, and while it is easy to be 
game when one is lit, it is far harder for a jaded man to keep 
his sameness and a good head upon his shoulders. 



ONE MILE AND UPWARDS. 

In practicing for a mile race and upwards a long, steady 
course of slow running must be gone through to got the limbs 
and the wind gradually accustomed to the work. The system 
for all training for long distances, to describe it shortly, is to 
tako continual daily spins of half a mile and upwards, the pace 
being gradually increased as tlie man linds ho can stand it. 
If the runner takes a long spin or a very fast spin one day and 
llnds upon turning out the next day that he feels slack from 
the previous day s exercise, he will do well to take an easier 
days work on that occasion. 1 he same system in general 
will apply to whatever distance is to be run, only if it be a very 
long distance the daily spins must be lengthened correspond- 
ingly One runner may be at his best at one mile, another at 
four and another at ten, but all three are of the same class, 
bring into play the same muscles, and require in varying 
degree the same essentials to success. The exercise they need 
is such as will get the limbs hard and the wind abnormally 
good. All will do well to walk as much as possible without 
getting themselves stifl". 

In these longer distances it is hard to give advice as to the 
actual daily work which should be taken. But an adherance to 
the following routine will be found to repay the aspirant: 

FOR ONE MILE. 

First day, % mile at steady pace. 

Second day. Half-mile. 

Third day. Slow mile. 

Fourth day. Fast half mile. 



48 



COIiljEGE ATHLETICS. 



1 

i 

! 

i 


1 


I 




1 

1 


1 _^^ ...u^^ 




Torn^. 






i 


Ba.d 



COLIjEGE ATHIjETICS. 49 

Fifth day, 1,000 yards at steady pace. 

Sixth day, A fast three-quarter. 

FOUR niLES. 

First day, 2 miles slowly. 

Second day, A mile. 

Third day, 3 miles. 

Fourth da>', A mile ; faster. 

Fifth day, % mile ; steady, fast pace. 

Sixth day, 2 miles -, steady, fast pace. 



WALKING. 



The great objection urgoil against races of this description 
is the dillioulty of deciding baweon fair and unfair walking, 
riio judge's task is seldom a sinecure, but a little study will 
render decision a matter of no difficulty. Fair walking is 
■' having one leg on the ground at a time." Walking is a suc- 
cession of steps, running of springs. The straightness of the 
legs, going from toe to heel, does not prove or alter fair walk- 
ing.' Lifting, tlie usual method of walking unfairly, is done 
by getting a spring from the toe of one foot on to the heel of 
the other. The judge must never be led away in his judgment 
by the play of the shoulders; ho must watch the legs, and 
judge by them only. 

The practice for long distance walking is most arduous. 
Distances of from seven to nine miles must be done to get 
wind and to strengthen the muscles, at the rate of from five 
to six mih^s an hour. Stiffness often comes on when fast 
walking begins. Friction of the legs is then found very useful 
after a mile or less, and then the pain and stiffness will wear 
off. After a weak or more of steady work be„in walking fast, 
first with a mile, and gradually increase it to throe and four 
miles. The respiratory system not being taxed so severely 
by the pace that is required, an internal injury is never to be 
feared. The strain comes on the legs and loins, and being 
frequently contracted, its support demands a large amount of 
vital energy in the constitution. A man of no stamina cannot 
walk a long race, however fine his muscular development may 



50 COIiIjEGE ATHIjETICS. 

be. The legs should be well thrown forward and the shoulders 
thrown back, with the arms held well up, swingring partially 
across the body at each stride. The step should be from toe 
to heel, with the leg as straight as possible. The body is 
twisted as the leg comes forward, to give the breath of the 
loins into the stride. Always keep the body well up ; it pre- 
vents any tendency to lifting. For walking, shoes with heels 
half an inch thick are generally used, without spikes, except 
on grass. 

HIGH JUMPING. 

One of the most graceful of competitions generally adopted 
in athletic programmes is that of high jumping. It has, too, 
an advantage over most athletic pursuits by being easily 
followed up without fear of any of the constitutional strains 
that more violent and protracted exercises frequently cause. 
It is not to be supposed, however, that sudden jumps can be 
taken without fear of a strain, if the muscles have not been 
prepared for the effort. In jumping, the contraction and ex- 
tension of the muscles is sudden and violent, and on that 
account the risk of rupturing a small ligament is more to be 
feared. The risk attends any of these exercises that require 
quick action and sudden motion, such as throwing weignts 
or sprint running. The actual amount of exercise muse de- 
pend entirely upon the capabilities of the subject, and the 
quantity that he has been previously accustomed to. No deti- 
nite rules of quantity applicable to athletes can be laid down. 
But the following ideas maybe advantageously adopted by 
those who intend to practice jumping. 

Begin by gentle runs of about three hundred yards, with a 
few jumps, say about three feet high. Practice at this height 
for a few days until the stiOness of the muscles wears off, 
and then gradually raise the bar to four feet or four feet six 
inches. If this height cannot be cleared easily, place the bar 
at the most suitable height. Care must be taken to go over it 
quickly and neatly. The run may be slow, but the jump 
should be taken with a quick spring, and almost at the same 
instant the body should be twisted or in other words, if the 
jumper raises from his right h^g his right shoulder should be 



COLIiEGE ATHIiETlCS. "^l 

given a pull backwards, thereby causing his left leg to be shot 
high into the air. This movement, although seemingly very 
simple, will have the elTect of carrying the body of the jumper 
horizontally over the bar. 



BROAD JUMPING. 

Less preparation is ro<iuir(Ml for broad jumping than for any 
other recognized athletic amusement. The same caution, 
however, with regard to suddtm strains must be exercised in 
practice. Begin with a few jumps of about twelve feet or so, 
taking your run for them slowly, starting;about twenty yards 
off and quickening in the last few strides The great object 
to be guarded against, is taking oil too far from the mark, or 
gettingoutof stepin the run : this can only be obviated by 
practicing at a certain distance until the necessary swing of 
the last few strides is acquired, The run to the jump cannot 
be too fast; in the air the legs should be raised as in going 
overahigh jump, and thrown as far forward on landing as 
can be done with both heels together. No fear need l)e enter- 
tained of falling back when alighting if the run is sulliciently 
fast and the landing place lcv(-l and soft; the impetus d(U-ived 
from the run gives the heaviest part of the jumper, the trunk, 
sufficient momentum to carry itself forward when the pro- 
gress of the feet and legs is arrested. 



HURDLE RACING. 

Of this branch of athletics it is hard to speak with accuracy, 
for almost every hurdler that has appeared in our day has 
brought with him a strange style. However, treating the 
matter theoretically there should be but one style for ah. 
Some jump olT the right and some off the left; in either case, 
when the spring is taken the l ront leg is jerked up enough to 
enable the runner to get his shin over the bar; the leg then is 
dropped again, so as to enable him to alight on the ball of his 
foot', meanwhile the hind leg is lifted over the barands<^raight- 
ene(' at once as soon as tin? bar is cleared, and directly the toe 
has alighted the next stride is taken witlunit a pause. The 
main point is to le arn not to jump too high. The best way to 



52 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 




Perjecr Fbrn). 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 53 

attain tlii.s is, in our opinion, to practice over huitlles tlie top 
bar of wliieli is loose. It may seem a paradox, but we tliijik it 
is true, that tiie runner can Ix'st learn by having? no fear of 
coming to grief by crashing into the top bar. Tlie beginner 
always finds himself unable to do the regulaticm '' fhree 
strides " between the obstacles, and the best jilan is to practice 
over hurdles 2 feet 6 inches high until he can manage to stride 
without hesitation. The great secret t)f success in this branch 
of sport, lies in assiduous practice more than anything else. 
Probably any athlete with fair abilities as a sprinter and 
broad jumper can make himself a good hurdler if he is not too 
heavy-footed. The really brilliant hurdler however, is always" 
a clean-built, wiry man, with little weight at the buttocks to 
drag him ba(,*k\vard. Great strength is naturally required for 
the rise to the hurdles, and the hurdler not only needs assidu- 
ous practice, but must come to the post very lit and without a 
trace of stilTness. As regards the amount of exercise and 
practice, lie must train in much the same style as the sprinter, 
taking great care over starts and spurts on the Hat in addition 
to Ills daily spin over the timber. Wo need scarcely say that 
it is not in the least necessary to cover the full distance every 
day. 



POLE VAULTING. 

This is another branch of athletics for which It is herd to 
lay down any rules as to practice and method. As a rule, 
however, the lower hand is placed upon the pole a little below 
the height of the bar which the jumper is about to clear. A 
quick run is then taken, ami the pole planted firmly in the 
ground, and the holder makes a spring. When the pole 
reaches the perpendicular the jumper, who holds his body 
perfectly rigid, by strength of his back, arms and wrists, 
swings himself over the bar, throwing the pole back behind 
him. In this event the tyro should always keep in mind that 
proticiency can only be gained by long and assiduous practice. 
Of course, when a certain standard is attained, the amount of 
practice may be gradually lessened, but the vaulter should at 
all times clear the height attempted in as graceful a manner 
as ho is capable of acquiring 



54 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 



PUTTING THE SHOT. 



This is a weight-throwing event which requires less strength 
but greater activity than any other. A heavyweight sprinter 
or lumper is very often found to be a capital shot putter. In 
fact, the majority of shot putters are found to be eitlior dis- 
appointed sprinters or broad jumpers who liavo been too lioavy 
for that game. The main point to learn in putting the sliot is 
to get one's " weight on," as rowing coaches express it; that 
is to say, to employ mere arm work as little as possible, get- 
ting the impetus for propulsion from a rapid spring and half 
turn of the body. The method adopted by all good weight 
putters for acquiring this may be gleaned from the fol- 
lowing : 

Balance the body on the right leg (supposing the putter be 
right handed), the left side turned towards the scratch, the 
I'iglit foot being placed as near the back of the circle as pos- 
sible, in the meantime hold the weight in the left hand and 
limber up the muscles of the right arm by stretching it to its 
fullest extent. When the balance of the boily is attained, i)ass 
the shot to the right hand and instantly hop to the centre of 
the circle, when, without seemingly any pause, the right half 
of the body should be brought sharply to the front and the 
arm shot out in unison with the concentrated effort of the 
entire muscular system. A heave is not so effective as a quic k 
jump, and the quicker the hop is made the further the weight 
will be put. Any delay between the first hop and the final 
spring is fatal. In delivering the weight let it be put upwards 
—that is to say, aim to hit an object twelve feet above the 
spot where the weight will land. The ankle is the part most 
likely to suffer, from the fact of having to spring with the 
weight of the whole body and the addition of the shot, so it is 
advisable to use an elastic stocking or rubber bandage on the 
lower part of the shin and ankle. Some difficulty is experi- 
enced by beginners in learning the change of legs after the 
hop. To practise this we would suggest that a very light 
shot be used until the learner has mastered the requisite 
motions. 



COLLEGE ATHIiETICS. 

THROWING THE HAMMER. 

There is no exercise more beneficial to a weak-cliested man 
than throwing the hammer. The muscles called into play- 
serve to draw the shoulders and ribs into a healthy and natu- 
ral position, thereby giving the "lungs and heart plenty of 
room to perform their vital functions. As these organs are 
never slow to avail themselves of this rare indulgence, they 
soon contribute to the general health of the entire system. 

The main point in throwing hammer is to get as much 
impotus as possible on the body by rapidly spinning round, 
the arms being held perfectly rigid, with the hammer grasped 
in the hands. The liammer is swung round, from once the 
thrower has begun his spin, at right angles to the body and 
in a vertical position, and the arms and handle thus act as 
one and the same lever, the hammer head describing the cir- 
cumference of a revolving circle, tlio motive power being sup- 
plied by the spinning human body at the centre. When the 
hammer is let go the centrifugal force causes it to tly off in a 
straight line. It therefore follows that where the greatest 
momentum is obtained the hammer will lly furthest. 

A good idea of the proper position of the body in the seven- 
foot circle may be gathered from the diagram on following 
page. 

Supposing the thrower be right-handed, let him commence 
by putting the right foot on the position A, and the left foot 
on B. Swing the hammer three or four times over the head, 
at lirst slow and loose, but with each succeeding swing get- 
ting proportionately faster. A little before the termination of 
the fourth or last swing, the body should lean slightly for- 
ward, that is, in the direction in which the hammer is intended 
to be thrown ; at the same time the left foot (B) should pivot on 
its heel to C; then the right foot (A) should be swished round 
and the body lunged forward, so that the right foot (A) 
will land at the position D, and the left foot at E. It is, per- 
haps, a peculiar fact that if this movement is executed in the 
manner described, the right and left knees will be slightly 
bent when they strike D and E respectively. This will give 
the thrower the proper position for the final heave. In all 
cases the thrower should remember that the " devil " must be 



56 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 



1^ 







I'OtiiiEOE ATHLETldS. 67 

put into the swinj^c ^t tlu' nionu'iit of delivery by a jerk of the 
whole boily. 

Throwing the 5G-lh. and hammer are so much alike that the 
l)raeti('0 and movements of one will serve for the other. How- 
ever, in throwing the " HG" the body should be kept as rigid 
and erect as possible as the strain is so great on the trunk, if 
the body bend over, the momentum will carry the thrower 
over the mark. The amount of practice indulged in will be 
considerably less than the hammer. Ten or twelve trials 
daily twice a week will be found sufficient, as the laceration 
of the muscles caused by the exertion in throwing, will require 
at least, a i-est of from two to four days. 



TRAINING. 



Common sense and practical experience are beginning, at 
last to convince the athletic public that the less alteration a 
man makes in his ordinary diet when he goes into training, 
the better he will fare, yet there are many who still start 
training, handicapped by the traditional belief in the efficacy 
of a meat diet, daily " sweating." runs for the solo purpose of 
reducing the weight, and the rigid abstinence from every 
drop of liquor, which cannot possibly be dispensed with. 
There is no reason why an athlete who desires to get lit should 
lead other than a natural life, or alter an ordinary natural 
diet, more than is rendered necessary by the increased 
amount of exercise which he has to take. What diet is, is a 
matter for scientists to decide (or differ upon, as they usually 
do in such matters), and a practical athlete can only speak of 
it empirically; but, happily, scientists and practical athletes 
are of one opinion at the present day in thinking that no diet 
which obliges a daily course physic can be a healthy one. 
Physic may be and often is, necessary during training, to 
remedy any mistake which has been made in diet; but it 
should be used as a remedy, and not as a part of the diet. 

The following diet, will, I think, be found the best for all 
training purposes. 

Breakfast.— There is no doubt that the very best food for 
this meal is oatni al porridge, with the addition of a certain 



5S COi.LEOE ATHLETICS. 

allowance of beef or mutton, and a little bread ; but many- 
have the greatest objection to this diet, and never eat it witli- 
out loathing. It is not desirable to stint the appetite unless 
very enormous, or unless there is a great superabundance of 
fat; but I believe it will, in most cases, be found more advan- 
tageous to reduce the weight by work and sweating than 
by starvation. The best mode of dressing the meat is to broil 
it, and here I must say a word about the degree of cookery to 
which it should be subjected. It is generally directed that 
the steak or chop should be quite underdone: this, I am 
sure, is a fallacy. In broiling, very little nutriment is lost, 
after the outside is once caught by the lire. Now, if nothing 
is lost, there is much gained by keeping the steak; on till pro- 
perly done through : for the food is renderrd more i)alatablo 
to most, and certainly more digestible to all. I liave known 
many who were thoroughly disgusted by their " red rags, " 
as they have called their underdone steaks, anj from their 
dislike to such food, quite unable to digest them. I am in- 
clined to tliink, that in those cases where tea or coffee is 
habitually taken, and porridge or beer is much disliked, it is 
better to allow them than to attempt too great an alteration 
in diet. Butter, sauces and spices should bo carefully avoided ; 
and nothing but salt, and a very slight dash of pepper, used 
as a condiment. 

Lunch.— Oatmeal porridge is the best, and no one will be 
the worse for a pint of it, with some dry toast to eat with it, 
or soaked in the porridge itself. I do not believe that meat is 
very necessary, except in very delicate constitutions, who re- 
quire unusual support. For such cases I liave found a chop, 
with a glass of good alo or beer, or even a sherry and egg, a 
very valuable means of keeping up the strength. Indeed, it 
will be found that no absolute rule can be laid down for all 
cases, and the trainer requires great experience and aptness 
for his task to enaljle him to bring all his men out in the same 
degree of relative strength. 

Dinner.— This important meal should consist of roast beef 
or mutton, or occasionally a boiled leg of mutton may be 
allowed as a change, but veal, pork and bacon should be 
avoided, also goose, duck and Avlld fowl generally. Boast 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 59 

fowls or partridges are very good food. As to vegetables, 
potatoes should be eaten sparingly — not more than one or two 
at a meal green corn or peas, or any other vegetable in sea- 
son, is allowable as a digestive. Bread may bo given ad 
libitum, and a pint of good, sound ale or beor. When the 
training is continued for any length of time, and the previous 
habits of the party have^ accustomed the stomach to it, I have 
found the occasional use of hsh a very useful change. Noth- 
ing disorders tlie stomach of man more than keeping to one 
(U<'t ; " toujours perdoix " is enough to tire any one even of so 
good a fare, and this must Ix) constantly borne in mind by the 
trainer. The round ho can make is not very extensive, but l<>t 
him by all means stretch it to the utmost limits of which it is 
capable. It is even desirable to give a pudding, but it should 
have bread for its foundation. A good cook will easily make a 
very palatable pudding of bread with a little milk and an eii:}r 
or two. The grand articles of diet arc beef and niutt(m, with 
bread or porridge, and if the stonjach and i)alato would accei)t 
thorn gratefully no change would bo necessary, but as they 
so! lom will the best plan is not to attempt too much. 



Intercollegiate Association 

— OF — 

AMATEUR ATHLETES OF AMERICA. 



In these statistics the following abbreviation ? are used : 
A. U.— Amherst University. 
B.U.— Brown University. 
C.C.N.Y.— College of the City of New York. 
C.C.— Columbia College. 
Cor. U.— Cornell University. 
D.C.— Dartmouth College. 
F.C.— Fordham College. 
n.U.— Harvard University. 

I.e. A.. A. A. A. — Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Ath- 
letes of America. 
L.C.— Lafayette College. 
L.U.— Lehigh University. 
P.C.— Princeton College. 
R.C.— Rutgers College. 
S.I.— Stevens Institute. 
S.C.— Swarthmore College. 
U.C.— Union College. 
U. of C— University of California. 
U, of M.— University of Michigan. 
U. of P.— University of Pennsylvania, , 
W.U.— Wesleyan University. 
"VV.C— Williams College. 
T. U.— Yale University. 

CHAMPIONS. 
100-YARDS RUN. 
1874— A. B. Nevin, Y.U., 10 1-23. 
1875—1. B. Potter, Cor. U., 10 3-4s. 



COIiliEOE ATHLETICS. 61 

1876— H. W. Steven?, W.C, Us. 
1877-H. H. Lee, U. of P., 10 l-Ss. 
1878-H. n. L-e, U. of P , 10 1-4^. 
1879-H. II. Lee, U. of P., 10 4 5s. 
1880-E. J. WoKlell, H.U., 10 4-5'. 
1881~E. J. Wendell, H,U.. 10 1-43. 
1882—11. S. Brooks, Jr.. Y,U., 10 1-59. 
1883— S. Derickson. Jr., C.C, 10 3-5-). 
1884— H. S. Brooks, Jr., Y.U., 10 1-53. 
1885— F. M. Boniue, U. of M.. 10 3-5d. 
1886-E. H. Rogers, H.U., 10 l-2s. 
1887— C. H. Sherrill, Y.U.. 10 2-5s. 
1888— C. H. Sherrill, Y U., 10 3-5s. 
1889-0. H. Sherrill, Y.U , 10 1-53. 
1890—0. II. Sherrill, Y.U., 10 l-5s. 
1891— L. H. Gary, P.C, lOs. 
1892— W. Swayne, Y U., 10 l-Ss. 
1893— W. S. Richard?. Y.U., 10 1-5^. 
1894— E. S. Ramsdell, U. of P., 10s. 

220.YARDS RUN. 

1877-H. H. Lee, U. of P., 23 1-28. 
1878— H. PI. Lee, U. of P., 24 3-5^ 
1879— E. J. Wendell, H.U., 24 2-59. 
1880— E. J. Wendell, H.U., 24 2-59. 
1881— E. J. Wendell, H.U., 23 1-53. 
1882-H. S. Brooks, Jr., Y.U., 22 5 83. 
1883— H. S. Brooks, Jr., Y.U., 23 1-53. 
1884— W. Baker, H.U., 22 2-53. 
1885— W. Baker, H.U., 23 2-53. 
1886-W. Baker, H.U., 22 4-53. 
1887— E. H. Rogers, H.TJ., 233. 
1888— C. H. Sherrill, Y.U., 22 3-53. 
1889— C. H. Sherrill, Y.U., 22 2-53. 
1890— C. H. Sherrill, Y.U., 22 l-5s. 
1891 -L. H. Oary, P.O., 21 4-5s. 
1892— W. Swayne, Y.U., 223. 
1893— W. S. Richards, Y.U., 22 3-5s. 
1894— E. S, Ramsdell, U. of P., 228, 



62 COLIiEGE ATHLETICS. 

QUARTER-MILE KUN. 

1875-C. M. Culver, U.C., 55 l-4s. 
1876— H. W. Stevens, W.C, 56?. 
1877— G. M. Hammond, C.C, 54^. 
1878— A. I Burton, C.C. 54 1-53. 
1879— C. H. Cogswell, D.C , 54 4-53. 
1880— E J. Wendell, HI' , 55 1-5 i. 
1881— E. A. Bdllard, U. of P , 53 4-55. 
1882— W. n Goodwin, Jr., H.U., 583. 
1883— "iV. II. Goodwin, Jr., HI'.. 51 1.5-*. 
1884- W. H Go. dwio, Jr., H.U., 52 3-5.. 
1885— W. r.akrr, H.U , 54 2.5s. 
1886—3. G. Wells, H.U., 51 4 Ss. 
1887-3. G. Wells, H.U., 53 3-5,. 
1888-3. G. Wells, H.U., 52 3-5i. 
1380— W. C. Dohm, P.C.SOs. 
1890— W. C. Downs, n.U., 50 3-53. 
1S91-G. B. Shattuck. A.U., 49 1-23. 
1892-W. n. Wrigh*, H.U., 50 3-53. 
1893— L. Siyer, ll.TT., 50 4-.5s. 
18 4-S. M. Merrill, H.U., 50 2-5s. 

HALF-MILE KUN. 

1875— D. Trumbull, Y.U., 2m. 
1876— M. W. Green, P.O., 2m. 16 l-2s. 
1877— G. M. Hammond, CO., 2m. 20 1-23. 
1878— A, J. Burton, CO., 2m. 8 1-43. 
1879— C. H. Cogswell, D.C, 2ai. 123. 
1880— S. A. Ballard, V. of P. 2 n. 9 1-58. 
1881- T. J. Coolidge, H.U., 2 n. 7 3-8^. 
1882— W. H. Goodwin, Jr., H.U., 2m. 2 2-58. 
1883— W. H. Goodwin, Jr., H.U., 2m. 2\ 
1884— W. H. Goodwin, Jr., H.U., 2m. 5 1.2s. 
1885— H. 1 .Mitchell, Y.U., 2m. 7 1.5?. 
1886— F. R. Smith, Y.U., 2m. 4 1-53. 
1887—11. Paries, U. of P., 2m. 73. 
1888— H. R. Miles, H.U., 2m. 2 l-5s. 
1889— W. C Downs, H.U., 2m. 2 3.5s. 
1890— W. C Dohm, P.C, Im. 57 1-53, 



COIiLEGE ATHLETICS. 

1891— W. H. Wright, Y. U. Im. 59 1.2s. 
1892— T. 15. Turuer. P.C., Im. 59 4-5s. 
1893— J. Corbin, II. U., Im. 59 4.5s. 
1894— C. Kilpatrick, U.C, Im. 59 l-5g. 

1 MILE RUN. 

1874— E.Copeland, C.U., 4m. 5S l-l^.. 
1875— C. H. Barbtr, A.U., 4iu.44 1-4^. 
1876— E. ('. Stimpsou, D.C., 4m. 58 1-2 ■. 
1877— W. Pearns, ('.('., 5m. 33-j, 
1878— :i. Pdton, P.G., 5m. 4 3-4s. 
1879— C. H. Trask, Jr., C. C, 5m, 24 3-5 . 
1880— T. DeW. Cuyler, Y.U., 4jj. 37 3-.". , 
1881-T.DjW. Cuyler, Y.U., 4ji. 43 7-8 
1882-G. 15. Morrison, H.U . 4m. 40 3-4-. 
1883— (}. B. Morrisou, H. U.. 4 n. 3 ? 3-5d. 
1884-H. Farie.o, U. ot P.. 4.d. 45 1-5s. 
1885—11. Furie , U. of P. 4m. 46 4-5 . 
1886-R. F:iriep, U. of P.. 4m. 38 4-5e. 
1887- -W. Harmar, Y.U.. 4j3. 36 4-53. 
1888— W. Ilirmar, Y.U., 4m, 37 l-5g.. 
1889— C. O. Wei 8, A.r., 4m. 29 4-5s. 
1890— C. O. Wells, A.U., 4m. 35 2-5s. 
1891— F. F. Carr, H.U., 4m. 34 2-5?. 
1892— G. Lowell, H.U.. 4m. 33 2-58. 
1893— G. O. Jarvis, W.U., 4m. 34 3-59. 
1894— G. O. Jarvis, W.U., 4m. 26 4-5s. 

1 0-YARD HURDLE RACE. 

1874— C!. Maxwell, Y.U., 20 l-2s. 
1875— C, Maxwell, Y.U., 19 l-2s. 
1876- W. J. Wakeman, Y.U., 18 1-43. 
1877— IL Stevens, P.O., 18 l-2s. 
1878- J. W. Pryor, C.C., 21 3-53. 
1879— J. E. Cowdin, H.U.. 19 l-5s. 
1880-11. B. Stroajr, L.U., 19 1-2-'. 
1881—11. T. Morrow, L.U., 18 7 83. 
1882 -J. F. Jenkins, CO., 17 3-5^. 
1883—0. Harriman, Jr., P.O. IS-i. 
1884— R. Mulford, CO., 17 1-2 . 



64 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

1885— W. H, Ludington, Y.U., 19 ISs. 
1886— W. H. Ludington, Y.U., 17s. 
1887— W. H. Ludington, Y.U., 17 2.5s. 
1888— H. Mapes, C.C, 17 l-5s. 
■ 1889—11. Mapes, C.C, 16 4-58. 
1890— H. L. Williams, Y.U., 16 l-5s. 
1891— H. L. Williams, Y.U., 15 4 -5s. 
1892-H. T. Harding, CO., ICs. 
1893— McL. Van Ingen, Y.U.. 16 2-5s. 
1894-E. H. Cady, Y.U., 10s. 

220-YARD HUKDLE liACE. 
1888— G. S. Mandel, H.U., 26 4-5s. 
1889—11. Mapes, CO., 26 2-5^. 
1890— J. P. Lee, H. U. 25 1-4^. 
1891-H. L. Williams, Y.U. 25 l-5s. 
1892— G. 11. Fearing, H.U., 25 2-53. 
1893 -VIcL. Van Ingen, Y.U., 26 4-5s. 
1894- J. L. Bremer. H.U., 25 l-5s. 

1-MILE WALK. 
1875— W. A. Piatt, W.C, 7m. 50s. 
1876— W. M. Watson, C.O.N.Y., Hm. 7s. 
1877 -3. Eldridge, C.C , 7m. 308, 
1878— G. Eldridge, CO., 7m. 38 8 4^. 
1879— R. H. Sayre, C.C, 7m. 49s. 
1880-R. H. Sayre, C.C, 7m. 54 3.5d. 
1881— R. H. Sayre, G.G., 7m. 30 l-8s. 
1882— H. W. Biddle, U. of P., 7ai. 44 1.5s. 
1883— H. W. Biddle, U. of P. 7m. 26 2-5s. 
1884— E. A.Meredith, Y.U., 7m. 33 1-53. 
1885— F. A. Ware, C.C, 7m. 27 2-53. 
1886— E. C Wright, H.U. 7m. U 4-5s. 
1887— H. H. Bemis, H.U., 7m. 16s. 
1888— E. C Wright, H.U., 7m. 28s. 
1889— T. Mellvane, C.C, 7m. 6 4-58. 
18'J0— W. W. Gregg, A.U., 7m. lOs. 
1891— L. Collis, C.C, 7m. 5 l-5s- 
1892— F. A. Borcherling, P.O., 6m. 52 4-5s. 
1893— C A. Ottley, P.O.. 7m. 34 3-5 ^ 
1894- H. F. Houghton, A.U., 7m. 14 3-5s. 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS, 65 

2-MILE BICYCLE KACE. 

1Q90— W. p. Wurtz, Y.U., 7m. 573. 
issi— C. A. Reed, C.C., 6m. 51^. 
1882— E. Norton, H.U., 6m. 52 2-5s. 
1883— C. A. Reed, C.C., 6m. 53 1-5:?. 
18?4— L. P. Hamilton, Y.U., 6a3. 4S 1.5s. 
1S85— L. P. Hamilton, I'.U., 7m. 29 4-53. 
1SS6— C. 1^. Ketu, U. of P., 6ra. 393. 
1^.S7— J. Eulo, U. of P., 6uj. 53 1-5j. 
1888— R. H. Davis, H.U., 7ai. 3^. 
1839— F. A. Clark, Y.U., 6m. 48 2-5^. 
1S90— R. H. Davis, H.U., 6(1:. 6 2-5:-. 
1 =?91— G. . . Taylor, II.U., 6m. 13 2-5?. 
1892— C. S. Fox, Y.U., 6Qi. 23 2-5s. 
iq93-W. H. Glenny, Jr., Y.U., 7m. 4 3.5s. 
1S04— F. F. Goodmaa, C.C.N.Y., 5-u. 18 l-Ss. 



RUNNING HIGH JUMP. 

1S7G-J. W. Pryor, C.C., olr. 4.1}. 
1377— H. L. Geyelin, U. uf P., 4^, Ilia. 
1878— J. P. Conover, C.C, St'r. 6 l-2in. 
1879- J. P. Conover, C.G., 5ft. 8 l-4:u. 
1880— A. C. Dennistoij, H.U., 5:r. 1 1.4iu. 
1>S1-W. Soren, K.r., 5ft. 2 3-4iij. 
1882— Vv'. Soreu, H.U., 5ft. 6iu. 
1883— C. H. Atkinson, H.U., 5fr. 8 1.2:u. 
1884— C. H. Atkinson, H.U., 5fi. C 3-4iD. 
1835— W. E. Page, U. of P., 5ft. 11 5-8in. 
1S86-W. B. Page, U. of P., 5fr. 11 3 4in. 
13S7-W. B. Page, U. of P., 5ft. 7 1.2in. 
1888—1. D. Webster. U. of P., 5[t. 11 l-2!n. 
1839—1. D. Webster, U. of P., 5fr. 6 3-4-n. 
1390— G. R. Fearing, II.U., 5ft.8 l-4in. 
l?9i-G. R. Fearing, II.U., 6:t. 
1392- G. R. Fearing, H.U., 6fr. l-2in. 
1S93— G. R. Fearing, H.U., Gil- 10 3-4iR. 
1894— C. J. Pair.p, Jr., H.U., bft. ' ' 1..2in. 



66 COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 

KUNNING BROAD JUMP. 
1377— H. H. I ee, U. of P., 19ft. 7m. 
1878— J. P. Conover, C.C., 19ft. 2 l-2in. 
1879— J. P. Conover, C.C, 20ft. 
1880— G. G. Thayer, U. of P., 20ft. 2ii:. 
1881— J. F. Jenkins, Jr., C.C, 20ft. 9 l-4in. 
1882— J. F. Jenkins, Jr., CO., 21ft. 3lu. 
1883— W. Soren, H.U., 20ft. Gin. 
18S4-0. Bodelson, C.C, 21ffc. 3 1-2 in. 
1885— J. D. Bradley, H.U., 19ft. 6:n. 
1886- C H. Mapes, C.C, 20f(. llin. 
1887— T. G. Shearman, Y.U., 21ft. 11 l-2in. 
1888— T. G. Shearman. Y.U., 20fr. Sin. 
1389— T. G. Shearman, Y.U., 22ft. 6in. 
1390— '.V. C. Dohm. P.C. 22ft. 3 l-2in. 
1891— V. Mapes, C.C, 22ft. 11 l-4ins. 
1892— E. E. Bloss, H.U., 22Lt. 1 l-2ln. 
1893— E. B. Bioss. H.U., 22ft. 9 5-8in. 
1894— E. S. Ramsdeii, U. of P., 22ft. lin. 
Prior to 1881 the measurement was made from toe-mark in- 
stead of from scratch-line. 

POLE VAULT. 

1878— C Fabregon, CCN.Y., 9ft. 

1879— F. H. Lee, C.C, 9ft. 3in. 

1880— E. B. Tewksbury, P.C, 9ft. 4in. 

1881— F. W. Dalrymple, L.U., 8ft. 9in. 

1882— W. Soren, H.U., 9ft. 6in. 

1883-K. P. Toler, P.O., 10ft. 

1884— H. L. Hodge, P.C, 9 ft. 

1885— L. D. Godshall, L.U., 9ft. 7 1 4ln. 

1886— A. Stevens, C.C, 10ft. 3-4in. 

1887— L. D. Godshall, L.U., 10ft. 

1888— T. G. Shearman, Y.U., Oft. 6in. 

1889— R. G. Leavitt, H.U., lOft. 5 l-2in. 

.j.„o (E. D.Ryder, Y.U.,) .f.cj. „:^ 
1890- jg^ ^^ ^y^.^i^^ c c_ f lOtt. 7in. 

1891— E. D. Ryder, Y.U., 10ft. 9 3.4in. 
1892—0. G. Cartwnght, Y.U., 10ft. 5 3.4in. 
1893— C T. Buckholtz, U. of P , 10ft. 10 l-8:n. 
1994— M. S. Kershow, Y.U., 10ft. 9in. 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. 67 

PUTTING THE SHOT. 
1877— F. Larkin, P.O., 33ft. 
1878-F. Larkin, P.C., 32ft. 11 1-2 in. 
1879— F. Larkin, P.O., 83ft. 8 1-2 in. 
1880— A. T. Moore, S.I., 35ft. 1 1.4in. 
1881— A. T. Moore, S.I., 34ft. lliu. 
1882— A. T. Moore, C.C., 36ft. 3in. 
1883-(J. n. K p, H.U., 35ft. Sin. 
1884-D. W. lieckhardt. C.C, 36 ft. 3 3-4 in. 
1885— J. n. Robrback, L.C., 38ft. liu. 
1886-A. B. Coxe, Y.U., ;.3ft. 1-2. 
1887— \. B. Coxe, Y.U., 40ft. l-2in. 
1888— H. Pennypacker, H.U., 37ft. Sin. 
1889—11. H. Janeway, P.C., 36ft. 1 l-2in. 
1893- H. H. Janeway, P.O., 39ft. 6 l-2in. 
1891— J. R. Finley, H.U., 39ft. 6 3-4in. 
1892— S. H. Evins, H.U., 39ft. 9in. 
1893- W. O. Hickok, Y.U.. 41ft. 1-8 in. 
1894— W. 0. Hickok, Y.U., 42ft. 

THROWING THE HAMMER. 

1878-F. Larkin, P.O., 76ft. 9in. 

1879— F. Latkin, 87ft. lin. 

1880— J. F. Bush, C.C. 84ft. 3in. 

1881— J. H. Montgomery. O.C., 76ft. 9 l-2in. 

1882- D. B. Porter, C.C, 87ft. 3 l-2in. 

1883— C. H. Kip, H.U., 88.'t. llin. 

1884-A. B. Coxe, Y.U., 83ffc. 2in. 

1885— A. B. Coxe, Y.U., 88ft. l-2in. 

1886— A. B. Coxe, Y.U., 95ft. llin. 

1887— A. B. Coxe, Y.U., 98ft. 6in. 

1888— A. J Bowser, U. of Pa., 88ft. 6 l-2in. 

1889— A. J. Bowser, U. of P., 89ft. 10 l-2in. 

1890— B. C Hinman, C.C, 94ft. 7in. 

1891— J. B. Finlay, H.U., 107ft. 7 1.2in. 

1892— S. H. Evins, H.U., 104ft. 3-8in. 

1893— W. O. Hickok, Y.U., 110ft. 4 1.2in. 

1894— W. O. Hickok, I.U., 123ft. 9in. 

Previou:^ to 1894 the throwing was from a stand.without » 
run or follow. 



THE UNIVERSITY TRACK ATHLETIC CUP 
ASSOCIATION. 



CHAMPIONS. 

ICO-YAKDS RUN. 

1891-0. K. Haweg, H.U . 10 2-5s. 
1892" W. Swayne, Y.U., 10 1-53. 
1893— A. A. Lefurgey; K.U., 10 3-53. 
1894— P. Dea Prado, H.U., 10 2-5s. 

220- YARDS i.UN. 

1891— J. S. Cook, H.U., 22 3-53. 
1892— Yv'. Swayne, Y.U., 22 3-5s. 
1893— S. M. Merrill, H U., 22 3-53. 
1894— S. M. Merrill, H.U., 22 1-53. 

QUARTER-MILE RUN. 

1891-W. n. Wright, H.U., 523. 
1892— G. F. Sanford, Y.U., 52 3-09. 
1893— S. M. Merrill, H.U., Sis. 
1894-8. M. Merrill, H.U., 50s. 

HALF-MILE RUN. 

1891— A. M. White, H.U., 2in. 1 3.5s. 
1392— J. Corbin, H.U., 2m. 4-5^•. 
1893 -J. Corbin, H.U., 2m, 3 3-5;;. 
1894— W. B. Woodbull, Y.U., Im. 59 4-5s. 

ONE-MILE RUN. 

iS91— J. O. Nichols, H.U., 4m. 35 4-59. 
1892-J. Lowell, H.U., 4m. 37e, 
1803— J. E. Morgan, Y.U., 4m. 3G2-5s. 
1894— J. E. Morgan, Y.U., 4m. 312-Js. 



COLLEGE ATHLETICS. ^'^ 



120.YAKDS HURDLE RACE. 

1891— H. L. Williams, Y.U., 164. 
1892-D. B, Lymau, Y.U., 16 2-53. 
1893-D. B. Lyman, Y.U., 16 4-5s. 
1894— W. F. Garcelon, H.U., 163. 

220.YARDS HURDLE RACE. 

1891_j. p Lee, H.U.. 25 2-5s. 
1892— G. R. Fearing, Jr., H.U., 25 3.59. 
1893_W. F. Garcelon, H.U.. 26 2 58. 
1894 -J. L. Bremer. H.U., 24 3-5s. 

ONE-MILE WALK. 

1891-R. S. Hale. H.U., 7m. 14 3-53. 
1892— A. L. Eadicott, H.U., 7m. 48^. 
1893-A L. Endicott, H.U., 7m. 5-. 
1893-F. S. Bunnell, Y.U., 7m. 252-53. 

TWO-MILE BICYCLE RACE. 

1891— G. F. Taylor, H.U., 6m. 149. 
1892-P. W\ Davis, H.U.. 6m. 293, 
1893_W. H. Glenny, Y.U., 5m. 4S2-58. 
1894-W. H. Glenny, Y.U., 7m. 1 2-59. 

RUNNING HIGH JUMP. 

1891-|i-f;|r?eTH.U.^i^"-«^-^- 
1892— G. R. Fearing, H.U., 5ft. 11 3-8m. 
1893-G. R. Fearing, H.U., 5ft. 7 l-2in. 
1894-C. J. Paine, H.U.. 5ft. 91.2in. 

RUNNIKG BROAD JUMP. 

189i_H. L. Williams, Y.U., 21ft. lin. 
1892-0. W. Shead, H.U.,21ft. 3 7-8in. 
1893_E. D. Bloss, H.U., 22ft. 4m. 
1894-L. P. Sheldon, Y.U., 21ft. 9 l-2in. 



70 COLLiEGE ATHLETICS. 

POLE VAULTING. 

; H. M. Wheelrigbt, H.U.,1 
iaqi_ 1 '-T- E. Sherwin. H.U., [^c. ^. 

^^^1 1 G. J. Briggs, Y.U., I ^'^- ^^^* 

to. G. Cartwright, Y.U. J 
1892—0. G. Cartwright, Y.U., 10ft. 
1893—0. G. Cartwright. Y.U.. 10ft. 6 l-4in. 
1894— H. Thomas, Y.U., 10ft. 103-4m. 

PUTTING THE SHOT. 

1892— D. B. Lyman, Y.U., 38ft. 3 5-8in. 
1893— W. H. Shea. H.U., 40ft, 5in. 
1894— A. Brown, Y.U., 40ft. 1 l-2m. 

THKOWING ^HE HAMMER 

1891— J. E. Finlay, H.U., lOSft. Sin. 
1892— P. Stillmftn, Y.U., lOOft. 8in. 
189.3— W. 0. Hickok, Y.U., 110f^8in. 
2894— W. 0. Hickok, Y.U., 113ft. llin. 



INTERSCHOLASTIC ATHLETIC ASSOCIA- 
TI0N.-I894. 

SIXTEENTH ANNUAL GAMES. 



CHAMPIONS. 

iOO-yards run— W. B. Rogers, Barnard School, 10 2-53. 

100-yard3 run, boys under 15 years— S. Sanger. Harvard 
School, 11 3-53. 

220-yard8 run, boys under I'J years— H. Moeller, Columbia 
Grammar School, 23 -±.53. 

l-mile bicycle race— G. Ruppert, Columbia Grammar School, 
2trs- 40 3-53. 

Throwing base ball— A. C. Ayres, Condon School, 325ft. 9in. 

440-yards run— S. A. Lyme, Barnard School, 539. 

Pole vault— H. F. Whitney, Harvard School, 10ft. 

120.yards hurdle race— A. F. Beers, De La Salle School, IG 2-5?. 

Throwing 12-lb. hammer— T. A. Ball, Berkeley ScLo )1, 
110ft. 3^^in. 

220.yards hurdle race— S- A. Lyme, Barnard School, 27 l-5s. 

Half-mile run— C. R. Irwin-Martin, Berkeley School, 2m. 
10 1-59. 

Running high jump— W. B. Roger.?, Barnard School, and 
E. W. Balbazzi, Harvard School, tied at 5ft. 9in. Roger3 won 
on toss. 

Putting 12-lb. shot— T. A. Ball, Berkeley School, 39ft. lin. 

One-mile walk— L. Elliman, Berkeley School, 7m. 30 2-5. 

220.yards run— P. W. Simpson. Barnard School, 23K8. 

One-mile run— T. DuP. Veiller, Halsey School, 5m. 1 1-53. 

Running broad jump— A. F. Beery, De La Salle School, 
19ft. 8>^in. 



CHAMPION JAMES J. CORBETT 

USED THE 

"Corbett" 

(TRADE MARK) 

Boxipg Gloves 

Manufactured by A. J. REACH CO., 
Tulip and Palnner Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 

In his Fight with niTCMELL "AiViii^.rS'iT 




Mi Mart 

of every Glove. 



An Exact Duplicate of the Gloves used by CORBETT 
will be sent upon Receipt of Price. 



Per Set, 



$7.50. 



If you cannot get them in your city, address 

A. J. REACH CO., 

Tulip and Palmer Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. 




/ATHLETIC inPLEflENTS. 

Iron Tug of War Starter. 

For Inuoot Use. 
Made of Iron, very simple m construction. The 
Starter is fastened to permanent plates set in floor, 
allowing it to be quickly removed when not in use. 
No. go. Iron Starter, complete, $ \ 5.00 

Tug of War Starter. 

Made of well seasoned wood, siinplo in construction, but 

strong and substantial. 

^o. 55. Wood Starter, $5.00 

Spalding's Starter's Revolver. 

With Safety Hammer. Self-Cocking, short -J^-i 
Absolutely safe and convenient to carry. 

No. 101. 32-calibre, centre fire $3. CO 

No. i02. 38-calibre, centre fire 3',50 



banc 





Blank Cartridges. 

To use in above Revolvers. 

32 centre fire blanks, per box of 50 

38 centre fire blanks, per bo.\ of 50 



.500. 

60c- 



Made of H 




Signal V.'histles. 

n and extra lond Each, 25C. 



Spalding's Last Lap Cong. 

Made especially for outdoor use, strong .^.nd substantial, and 

gives an extra Lucl alarm. 

No. 40, Price, each, $4.00 



Spalding's Basket Bali Goal. 

For la or Outdoor Use. 
Our Basket Ball Goal is the most substantial 
one in the market. The parts are made of best 
quality malleable and wrought iron, and nicely 
finished. The Basket is made of wire with 
the joints securely fastened, making it practic- 
ally indestructible under the roughest usage. 
The Goal is fastened to the wall or post 10 feet 
from the floor. After the goal is made the 
ball is released by pulling the cord, which act Basket Ball Goal. 

turns the basket sufficiently to allow it to drop out, and the basket then 
automaticaly returns to its normal position. Our Goalis made in accord- 
ance with t.ie latest rules governing the game, and has been highly endorsed 
by the various clubs usins: it. 

No. 75. Price, per pair, $20.00 

Special prices to clubs. 

Our complete Catalogue No. 102 mailed free to any address. 




Chicago. 



A. c. 



SPALDING & BROS., 
Philadelphia. 



New York 



PECK & SNYDER, 

Corner 
BEEKflAN AND NASSAU NEW YORK, 

STREETS, 

Manufacturers of the 
Celebrated 

American Club Ice Skates. 



Complete Line of 

Roller Skates, 

Complete Catalogue of 

Summer and Winter Sports; 

Also our 

Trick and Novelty Catalogue, 

Embracing thousands of interesting and 
amusing novelties for the home circle, 

•. SENT FREE UPON APPLICATION : 



Tbe 5paiding Official rio. J 

li^tercollegiate Foot Ball 

Adopted for the third year by the Intercollegiate Association. 



I YALE UNIVERSITY 

FOOT BALL ASSOCIATION. 



1f« Hi»,«. Co"n' 



7""/ 







THE SPALDING OFFICIAL INTERCOLLEGIATE FOOT BALL MUST 
BE USED IN ALL GAMES PLAYED. 

PRICE, with Inflator, = . = $5.00. 

Each Bal! Packed in Separate Box and Sealed. 

MANUFACTURED BY 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., '"'^"'^^i^^J;;.^^?"'■ 




SpohtsiweN's Weah 



AND 



^ EQUIPMENTS. ^ 



NO GOODS SOLD AT RETAIL where Dealers 

Carry Our Line. Ask Your Dealer for 

Barnard's Goods; if He Cannot 

Supply You Send Direct to Us. 



Send for Catalogue. 



GEO. BARNARD & CO., 

1 3 and 5 Bond Street, 199 and 201 Madison Street, 

NEW YORK'. CHICAGO. 



flTHLETlC inPLEnENTS. 




VAULTING STANDARD. 

Our Combination Standard is made of well sea- 
soned hard wood, nicely finished, simple in con- 
struction, and built throughout in a substantial 
manner. The sliding uprights work freely in 
grooves in the stationary uprights, and are se- 
cured in position by thumbscrews at back, as 
shown in sectional cut. For purposes of illus- 
tration we have placed both the Vaulting and 
High Jump Bars in position. They rest on pegs 
at top and bottom of sliding upright, the lower 
peg being also used to raise same to desired 
height Both uprights arc accurately graduated 
in half Inches. The Stationary Uprights are 7 
feet high, and the Sliding Uprights allow of an 
elevation of 12 feet. The Standard is built in 
accordance with A. A. U. Rules governing these 
contests. 

No. 30. Combination Standard, $20.00 

CROSS BARS. 



For Vaulting and Jumping Standards. 

No. I f 2. Selected hickory 

No. 1(3, Selected pine 

VAULTING POLES.-Selected Spruce. 

No. 100. 8feetlong....S3.00 I N... |02. 12 feet long 
No. jot. 10 feet long.... 4.00 I No. ( 03. 14 feet long. .. . 6. 
Special 1 oles, of extra fine quality, made to order, and prices quoted on 



Per doz., $8.00 
. " 2.50 



*^:88 



application. 

HURDLES. 




.» ^-' 



Our Combination Hurdl-^s 

can be used either for indi- 
vidual use, or with the long 

cross bar tor general use. 

The lower division is 2 feet 

6 inches, the upper, 3 feet 

6 inches high. They_ me 

strong and substantially 

made of selected material. 

For individual use 40 Hur- 
dles are generally used, calculating four men to a heat. 
For ffeneral use to Hurdles make a full set. 
No. A. Individual Hurdles, with short bars. . . .$S.OO 
No. B. General Hurdles, with long bars 9.00 

SCAFFOLD. 

For" throwing 56-lb. weights for height. M_ade_ of 
heavy, selected'timber, 15 feet hish and with projecting 
arm adjustable to 17 feet. Complete, with barrel head, 
pulleys, etc No. 2 I , Scaffold, $20.00 

Spalding's Standard Steel Tapes. 

N Finest qu.nlitv, and guaranteed absolutely correct. 

^ji^ J No. 45. ' Length 100 feet. Each, $ J 3.00 

^lklM0i^ Special discounts to clubs. Complete Catalogue mailed 
on application. 

A, G. SPALDII^C & SROS., 
Chicago. Philadalphla, New York^ 




WE ARE THE ONLY BUILDERS OF THE 



Famous St. Lawrence River Skief. 

AVOID WORTHLESS IMITATIONS. 



Look for our trade-mark shield, which is 
placed on every boat of oni' manufacture. 




Our eight boats, St. Lawrence River Skiffs ; 
rowboats ; sailing canoes ; paddling canoe ; 
yacht tender and small s:iil yacht received 

HIGHEST POSSIBLE AWAPJDS 

At World's Columbian Extosition. 




We build HIGH GRADE Pleasure Craft of all kinds, 
from Canoe to Steam Launch. 



Our single-hander Sail Boats, of modern built fin-keel type, 
are in:mensely successful cruisers and racers. 



On receipt of applicption, we will mail to any address our 
HANDSOMELY ILLUSTRATED AND DESCRIPTIVE 
CATALOGUE. 



liiiiJ 




- ;' z^::^ W^^^i^^^^^'t^^ 



ST. LAWRENCE RIVER 

SKIFF, CANOE AND 

STEAM LAUNCH CO., 

CLAYTON, 
Jefferson County, 

N. Y. 



5f/jl5imq's Athletic Libr/?ry, 

Published Monthly. Each Number Complete. 
Devoted to all kinds of Sports. 

No. I. LIFE AND BATTLES OF JAMES J. C0R3ETT 

No. 2, INDIAN CLUBS AND DUMB BELLS. By J. H. Dough- 

Ek TV, AiTiateur Champion of America. 
No. 3. BOWLING. By A. E. Vogell. Containing instructions Ho.v to 

BmvvI, How to Score, How to Handicap. 
No. 4. BOXING. This book is, without doubt, the most valuable 

Jiianc-i of its kind ever published. It is fully illustrated. 
No. 5. GYMNASTICS. By Rouekt Stoll, N. Y. a. C, America's 

Champion on the Flying Riu'^s since 1885. 
No. 6. LAWN TENNIS. By O. S. Campbell, Champion Player of 

America. Valuable for beginners as well as experts; rules of the game 

complete. 
No. 7o BASE BALL. By Walter Camp. Specially adapted for colleges 

and prcjjaratory schools. Complete history of college base ball. 
No. 8. GOLF. By J. Stuart Balfour. Containing List of Implements 

and their uses, Glossary of Technical Terms and Latest Revised Rules o£ 

the Game. 
No. 9. ATHLETES' GUIDE. Articles on Training, by H. S. Cornish ; 

How to Train for Distance Running, by T. P. Conneff ; Sprinting, by 

Harry Jewett ; Throwing Weights, by James Mitchcl ; Walking, by 

S. Liebgold ; Jumping, Hurdling, Pole Vaulting, by A. A. Jordan ; 

and Rules for the (iovernment of Athletic Ghnies. 
No. 10. CROQUET. OtTicial Rules of the Game as adopted by the 

National Cro(iuet Association. 

No. II. SPALDING'S OFi^lCI.AL FOOT BALL GUIDE AND 

REFEREE'S BOOK. Revised by Walter Cami-. Authorized and 
adoptetl by tlie American Intercollegiate Association. 

No. 12. G/ELIC AND ASSOCIATION FOOT BALL. Compete 

Methods and Rules of each Game. 
No. 13. HANDBALL. How to Play Tt. Rules and Definitions, Regi - 

lation Court and its construction, with other interesting matter. 
No. 14. CURLING, HOCKEY AND POLO. Rules governing each 

game, and other valuable information. 
No. ISA, INDOOR BASE BALL GUIDE. Complete Illustrations for 

Playing, with Description of Game. 
No. 16. SKATING. Plistory of Skating, from earliest appearance to the 

present day, to which is added a list of the most authentic recort s. 
No. 17. BASKET BALL. Latest Revised Rules, with diagrams shov- 
ing position of players, etc. 
No. 13. FENCING. Complete Manual of Foil and Sabre, according 10 

the methods of the best modern school. 

No. 19. SPALDING'S OFFICIAL BASE BALL GUIDE FOR 1894. 

A complete hand-book of the National Game of Base Ball. 

No. 20. CRICKET GUIDE. By Geo. Wright. Rules of the game, 
with valuable hints to players. Fully Illustrated. 

No, 21. ROWING. By E. J. GiANN'iNi, Champion Amateur Oarsman. 
Contains the Laws of Boat Racing, Records, and Names and Addresses 
of all tne l!oat Clubs MeniLers of the N. A. A. O. Fully illustrated. 

No, 22. CROQUET. As adopted by the National Croquet Association. 
Illustratjcl. 

No. 23. CANOEING. By C. Bowyer Vaux. Paddling, Sailing, Cruis- 
ing and Racing Canoes and their uses, with Hints on their Rig and 
Management, etc. The sport is purely amateur. Fully illustrated. 

No. 24. OFFICIAL FOOT BALL GUIDE FOR 1894. Edited by 

Walter Camf. Contains revised rules, portraits of leading players, etc. 
No. 25. SWIMMING. By Walter (;. Douglas. Illustrated. 
No. 26. HOW TO PLAY FOOT BALL. By Walter Camp. Ill'd. 

EACH, POSTPAID, 10 CENTS. 

AMERICAN SPORTS PUBLISHING CO., 
241 Broadway, New York City. 



WRIGHT Sl DITSON 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



^ fine;* 



Atbl^tic Goods 

BASKET BALL, GOALS AND BALLS, 
GYMNASIUM GOODS AND APPLIANCES^ 



UNIFORMS FOR ALL SPORTS. 



Our Illustrated Catalogue Contains a Complete List of all 

Goods Pertaining to Athletic Sports and Pastimes, 

Mailed Free to any Address. 



WHOLESALE STORE. RETAIL STORE, 

97 Pearl Street, 344 Washington St., 

BOSTON, MASS. 



THE SPALDING 

Official Intercollegiate Foot Ball 




;^-XTf. 



wmwi 





FOR 1894. 

OFFICIALLY adopted by the Intercollegiate Foot Ball Associa- 
tion for 1894, making the third year of its adoption. It will 
be the only Foot Ball used in match games between the 
large colleges. 

We have spared no expense in making this ball more perfect than 
ever, and offer this season the finest Foot Ball ever produced. Each 
ball is thoroughly tested, packed in a separate box and sealed, so 
that our customers are guaranteed a perfect ball inside \\hen same i^ 
received with seal unbroken. 

A polished brass Foot Ball InHator 
^'. ill be packed with each Intercollegiate 
Knot Ball this season without extra charge. 

No. J. Cotnplete, postpaid. S5.00 

A. G. SPALDING & BROS., 

CHICAGO. PHILADELPHIA. NEW YOSK. 



ATHLETIC IMPLEMENTS. 

REGULATION 7-FT. CIRCLE. 

Made of heavy iron, the front l.alf of which is 
White, and rear half J\Lit, as a warning to the 
contestant in avoiding a foul, according to A.A.U.. 
rules. 
SOLID CIRCLE. No. (3. Solid Circle, $ | 2.C0 

SECTIONAL 7-FT. CIRCLE. 

Our Sectional 7-ft. Circle is made in six pieces, 
and is quickly put together. It is made in this 
style for convoi.ince in handling and shipping. 
SECTIONAL ciHCLE. No. |4. Sectional Circle, $ 1 5.00 

IRON LANE STAKES. 






t-- — For layin':; out individual lanes for Sprint Races. 

'-p To avoid fouling in short distance races, these 

I- should always be used. 

^ - No. 15. Iron Stakes, Per doz., $6.00 

REGULATION BARS. 




pi 



^ 



JUMPING BAR 

No. 25. No. 20. 

FINISH POST. For Putting the Shot. For Broad Jumping. 

No. 25. The Toe Bar must be used with the 7-ft. circle, and forms four feet 
of the circumference. Made according to A.A.U. Rules, and furnished 
with two heavy spikes for holding firmly in the ground. 

Complete, $3.0O 

No. 20. Bar for broad jumping. Made according to A.A.U. Rules, of 
selected material, and supplied with two heavy spikes to hold firmly in 
ground Complete, $2.50 

n COMPETITORS' NUMBERS. 

4 Printed on heavy manilla paper. 
SetNo. I, Nos. I to 50 PerSet, $9.75 
Set No, 2, Nos. I to 100 
Set No, 3, Nos, 



Set No. 4, Nos. 



to 150 
to 200 



1.00 
1. 50 
2.00 



SPECIAL DISCOUNTS TO CLTTBS ON APPLICATION. 

Our Complete Catalogue of Athletic and Outing Goods, No. 102, 
free to any address. 



iled 



A. G. 

CHICAGO. 



SPALDING & BROS., 

PHILADELPHIA. NEW YORK. 



LBJa'05 



